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Immunology - DVM year 1 > Exam 2: Dr. Pharr Principles of Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Exam 2: Dr. Pharr Principles of Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is adaptive immunity’s focus?

A

Defense mechanisms onto the pathogen itself

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2
Q

What do lymphocytes of adaptive immunity express?

A

Antigen receptors that recognize specific features of a microorganism

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3
Q

What does the recognition of specific features of microorganisms allow the adaptive system to do?

A

Distinguish between different microorganisms

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4
Q

What is immune memory?

A

A second encounter with the same pathogen that will induce a more rapid and efficient adaptive immune response

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5
Q

How do effector cells eliminate pathogens from the body?

A

Effector function

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6
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microbe that has a disease causing function or antagonist to the animal

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7
Q

Why are all non-self microbes harmful?

A

They can replicate

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8
Q

What is a B cell receptor referred to as?

A

Immunoglobulin

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9
Q

What are the soluble forms if B cell receptors referred to as?

A

Antibodies

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10
Q

What does the surface of T lymphocytes/cells express?

A

T cell receptor

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11
Q

What are the regions that make up B cell and T cell receptors?

A

Variable region

Constant region

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12
Q

What happens in the variable region?

A

Antigen binding

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13
Q

What does the constant region do?

A

Anchors the receptor to the cell membrane

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14
Q

What does the constant region determine when the BCR is secreted as an antibody?

A

The effector function of the antibody

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15
Q

Where do B cells develop? T cell?

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

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16
Q

What do antigen receptors recognize?

A

Protein, carbohydrates, and lipids

Self-proteins, self-carbohydrates, and self-lipids

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17
Q

Why do B cells and T cells recognize different forms of the same antigen?

A

Because of their particular effector functions

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18
Q

What do BCRs recognize?

A

The native form of an antigen

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19
Q

What do TCRs recognize?

A

Peptides derived from the proteolytic degradation of the antigen

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20
Q

Where does T cell recognition of antigen occur?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues

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21
Q

Where are dendritic cells present?

A

In the tissues with macrophages

22
Q

How do dendritic cells activate adaptive immunity?

A

In a situation where the innate response is overwhelmed, DCs engulf the pathogen at the site of infection and migrate in afferent lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes

23
Q

Where do DCs enter? Where do the migrate to?

A

Enter lymph node

Migrate to the capillaries where lymphocytes enter

24
Q

Because DCs enter the lymph node and migrate to capillaries, what can naive T cells do?

A

Enter the lymph node and survey the antigens displayed on the surface of DCs

25
Q

What does antigen do?

A

Causes specific T cells to be activated to proliferate and then differentiate into effector T cells

26
Q

After T cells have been differentiated into effector T cells due to antigen, what happens to effector T cells?

A

Migrates to the lymph node to the site of infection and display their effector function

27
Q

What are the effector functions of effector T cells?

A

Activate macrophages to kill pathogens that have been taken up by phagocytosis (helper T cells)
Kill infected cells (cytotoxic T cells)

28
Q

Where are the 2 zones of the lymphocyte? Where are the zones located?

A

B cell zone–located in the medulla

T cell zone–located in the outer cortex

29
Q

What do some of the effector T cells (helper T cells) remain in the lymph node for?

A

To provide activation signals to antigen specific B cells

30
Q

What do DCs do?

A

Antigen processing

Antigen presentation

31
Q

What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?

A

A complex of immune system genes that encode membrane potentials which are involved in presenting peptides to T cells

32
Q

What do T cells recognize? How?

A

An infection

By detecting peptide fragments derived from the pathogen

33
Q

What happens to the peptides recognized by T cells?

A

They are captured by MHC proteins and expressed on the surface of cells

34
Q

What are MHC proteins like?

A

They have a broad specificity and can bind peptides derived from many different pathogens

35
Q

Where is MHC class I expressed?

A

On the surface of most nucleated cells in the body

36
Q

What is MHC class I recognized by?

A

Cytotoxic T cells which express the co-receptor protein CD8

37
Q

Where is MHC class II expressed?

A

On the surface of DCs, macrophages, and B cells

38
Q

What is MHC class II recognized by?

A

Helper T cells which express the co-receptor protein CD4

39
Q

What is the function of MHC class I proteins in protection against intracellular pathogens?

A

Many proteins in a cell are degraded into short peptides after performing their function and pumped into the endoplasmic reticulum

40
Q

What happens to peptides in the ER?

A

They are bound by newly synthesized MHC class I protein and then transported to the cell surface

41
Q

What happens to some of the viral proteins during a viral infection

A

They will be degraded in cytoplasm and transported to the ER for binding to MHC class I

42
Q

Where are naive cytotoxic T cells activated?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues by dendritic cells

43
Q

What do effector cytotoxic T cells do after activation?

A

Enter the circulation and are recruited to the site of viral infection

44
Q

What is the effector function of cytotoxic T cells?

A

Recognize and eliminate infected host cells

45
Q

What is the function of MHC class II proteins in protection against extracellular pathogens?

A

Naive helper T cells are activated in secondary lymphoid tissue by DCs
Effector helper T cells are recruited to the site of infection and will activated the effector function of other leukocytes responding to the infection

46
Q

What do effector helper T cells do to kill intracellular bacteria?

A

Activate macrophage production of powerful reactive oxygen species

47
Q

What does antigen binding to the B cell receptor facilitate?

A

Internalization of the antigen for processing and presentation by MHC class II

48
Q

What will activation of B cells by effector helper T cells induce?

A

B cell proliferation and differentiation to plasma cells

49
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Synthesize and secrete the original antigen receptor as antibody

50
Q

What are the 2 signals required for lymphocyte activation?

A
  1. Recognition of antigen

2. Delivered by another cell

51
Q

What do antigen-activated T cells require a second signal from?

A

DCs

52
Q

What do antigen-activated B cells require a second signal from?

A

Effector helper T cells

Immunology - DVM year 1 (35 decks)

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