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biochem II > exam 2 lecture 14 > Flashcards

exam 2 lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

how small are cytokines

A

50 to 80 residues

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2
Q

what are cytokines crucial for

A

controlling growth and activity of immune-system cells and blood cells to execute inflammation responses

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3
Q

what are cytokines

A

first messengers produced and release from various cells

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4
Q

T/F the sender cells and target cells are the same for cytokines

A

true

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5
Q

what are the types of signaling for cytokines

A

autocrine- same, paracrine- nearby, and endocrine-distant and detrocrine

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6
Q

too many cytokines leads to what

A

cytokine storm with damages tissues

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7
Q

disease that involve cytokines

A

autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, cancer, sepsis

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8
Q

what does pleiotropic mean

A

same cytokine can have different target cells and receptors with different biological outcomes

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9
Q

examples of pleiotropic cytokines

A

IL-4 binds B cells, mast cells

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10
Q

what does redundant mean

A

different cytokines produce similar effects

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11
Q

redundant cytokine examples

A

IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 are activated by effector T cell and all stimulate B cells to proliferate

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12
Q

what is the cascade effect

A

cytokines can stimulate the production of other cytokines

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13
Q

what are interleukins

A

leukocytes secreted and acting on other leukocytes in an inflammatory reponse

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14
Q

what to interleukins regulate

A

growth and differentiation of hematopoietic cells

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15
Q

what are chemokines for

A

cell migration during development, immune response, inflammation and cancer

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16
Q

T/F some interleukins are cheokines

A

true example CXCL8, IL8

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17
Q

chemokine structures can me

A

monomeric or homodimeric

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18
Q

chemokine receptors are

A

GPCRs

19
Q

tumor necrosis factor TNFalpha is released by what and for what

A

macrophages during acute inflammation upon infection

20
Q

what does the release of TNFalphas cause

A

necrosis and apoptosis

21
Q

TNFalpha structure

A

trimeric bell shaped

22
Q

mTNFa- transmembrane and sTNFa- soluble are formed from

A

enzymatic cleavage

23
Q

mTNFa are on

A

monocytes and macrophages

24
Q

mTNFa and sTNFa binds to how many TNF receptors

A

mTNFa binds to 2 and sTNFa binds to 1

25
Q

interferons regulate

A

signaling in cells infected with viruses or bacterial pathogens

26
Q

interferons do what

A

activate immune cells, macrophages, natural killer cells
upregulate antigen presentation
underlie feelings like fever muscle pain and flu like symptoms

27
Q

which choice describing cytokines is correct

A

cytokines are involved in anti-inflammatory pathways and are therefore a possible approach for therapeutic treatment of pathological pain from inflammation such as peripheral nerve injury

28
Q

chemokine receptors are associated with

A

immune disease and overly expressed on tumor cells

29
Q

the 6 types of cytokine receptors

A

immunoglobulin, hemopoietic growth factor, interferon, tumor necrosis factors, GPCRs and interleukin-17 receptors

30
Q

immunoglobulin family examples

A

IL-1 and IL-18 receptors

31
Q

hemopoietic growth factor family examples

A

IL-2 receptor-disease severe combines immunodeficiency, IL-6 receptor

32
Q

TNF family shares what domain

A

cysteine-rich extracellular binding domain

33
Q

TNFs also bind to

A

CD40, CD27 and CD30

34
Q

GPCR bind what

A

chemokines

35
Q

interleukin-17 members are

A

IL-17RA, IL-17RB, IL-17RC, IL-17Rd, IL-17RE

36
Q

IL-17 cytokines induce what

A

pro-inflammatory responses and allergic responses

37
Q

chemokines are the subset of cytokines that direct

A

migration of leukocytes to infected tissue

38
Q

chemokine receptors have how many GPCRs

A

23

39
Q

chemokines have how many transmembranes

A

7

40
Q

what is vMIP

A

a viral chemokine antagonist from herpesvirus and binds to CXCL12

41
Q

type 1 cytokine receptor has what 2 extracellular chains

A

IFNAR1 and IFNAR2

42
Q

the intracellular domains of types 1 CR are

A

atypical

43
Q
A

biochem II (9 decks)

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