Exam 2 lecture 14 Carbohydrates

Question 1

constitutional isomers: order of atoms changes or stays the same?

Answer 1

changes

Question 2

tautomers are _ isomers?

Answer 2

constitutional

Question 3

what are the carbohydrate tautomers?

Answer 3

aldose andketose

Question 4

fisher projections are the _ versions of carbohydrates

Answer 4

linear

Question 5

stereoisomers have the _ connectivity but _ spatial organizations
think about rotation

Answer 5

the same connectivity but different spatial organizations

Question 6

configurational isomers have _ carbons

Answer 6

chiral carbons

Question 7

enantiomers are mirror images at _ centers

Answer 7

all chiral centers

Question 8

D-sugars are nonproteinogenic or proteinogenic?

Answer 8

nonproteinogenic

Question 9

L-sugars are nonproteinogenic or proteinogenic?

Answer 9

proteinogenic

Question 10

T/F: Diastereomers have multiple chiral centers. Not all chiral carbons are mirror images

Answer 10

true

Question 11

alpha is _ betat is _ when converting from Fisher to Haworth

Answer 11

alpha is down beta is up

Question 12

anomers differ at the anomeric carbon only! which means?

Answer 12

alpha vs beta

Question 13

epimers differ at any OTHER carbon than the anomeric carbon. this means?

Answer 13

same alpha or beta but differ something else (left/right)

Question 14

L side goes _ D side goes _ when converting from Fisher to Haworth

Answer 14

L side goes up D side goes down

Question 15

conformational isomers have _ rotation changes

Answer 15

reversible rotation around our single bond. cannot change the order around the chiral carbon

Question 16

example of a conformational isomer?

Answer 16

nucleotides as shown with sugars and the nitrogenous base. Sugar puckers exist

Question 17

Endo, chair, boat, sugar pucker are what type of isomer?

Answer 17

conformational isomer

Question 18

glycoside are formed when _

Answer 18

one or more hydroxyls are replaced

Question 19

glycosides:

phosphorylation happens on:

Answer 19

esters

Question 20

glycosides:

alcohols undergo

Answer 20

oxidation and reduction

Question 21

glycosides:

amino sugars and nucleotides have _ linkages

Answer 21

N-linkages

Question 22

glycosides:

methylation and toxins have _ linkages

Answer 22

O-linkages

Question 23

glycosides:

fucose replaces OH with _

Answer 23

methyl group

Question 24

fucose is a _ derivative

Answer 24

galactose

Question 25

fucose is only _-monosaccharide made and used by mammals

Answer 25

L-monosaccharide

Question 26

T/F: fucose is part of the A/B/O blood antigens

Answer 26

true

Question 27

excess free fucose in blood =

Answer 27

liver damage, cancer, diabetes, heart disease

Question 28

phosphorylation of monosaccarides adds _ charge important for?

Answer 28

negative charges that prevents sugars from spontaneously leaving the cell by crossing the lipid bilayer membranes and prevent from interacting with transporters of the unmodified sugar

Question 29

phosphorylation of monosaccarides creates _ intermediates important for?

Answer 29

reactive intermediates that will more readily undergo metabolism

Question 30

oxidation of monosaccardies creates _ sugars because they are oxidized at the carbonyl This also makes...

Answer 30

creates reducing sugars. creates acids and lactones **need free anomeric carbon**

Question 31

glucose is a reducing or non-reducing sugar?

Answer 31

reducing sugar

Question 32

reduction of monosaccarides at the carbonyl makes _

Answer 32

alditols

Question 33

alditols: | sorbitol can cause _ if it accumulates in the lens of the eye

Answer 33

cataracts

Question 34

an O-glycosidic bond links:

Answer 34

anomeric carbon atom of a carbohydrate and oxygen atom of an alcohol

Question 35

an N-glycosidic bond links:

Answer 35

anomeric carbon atom of a sugar linked to the nitrogen atom of an amine

Question 36

an example of O-glycosidic bond:

Answer 36

carbohydrates are linked to form long polymers and when they are attached to proteins

Question 37

an example of N-glycosidic bond?

Answer 37

when a nitrogenous bases are attached to ribose units to form nuclosides

Question 38

T/F: some important toxins are N-linked glycosides

Answer 38

False. O-LINKED | **sugars not proteins**

Question 39

what are the "regular" monosaccharides (4) of the essential monosaccarides

Answer 39

1. D-glucose 2. D-galactose 3. D-Mannose 4. D-Xylose

Question 40

what is the "oddball" monosaccharide of the essential monosaccarides

Answer 40

L-fucose (only L-monosaccaride)

Question 41

what are the amino sugars of the essential monosaccarides

Answer 41

1. GlcNAc 2. CalNAc 3. Sialic acid

Question 42

what are the 3 roles of polysaccarides?

Answer 42

1. glucose storage 2. structure 3. protein diversity

Question 43

branched connectivity of polysaccarides happens at:

Answer 43

1,6

Question 44

unbranched connectivity of polysaccarides happens at:

Answer 44

1,4

Question 45

glucose storage uses _ linkages

Answer 45

alpha

Question 46

structural polysaccarides (ex chitin) uses _ linkages

Answer 46

beta

Question 47

sugars in glycoproteins are attached to the amide nitrogen atom in the side chain of _ termed N-linkage

Answer 47

asparagine

Question 48

3 common disaccharides

Answer 48

1. sucrose 2. lactose 3. . maltose

Question 49

disaccharide consists of 2 sugars joined by _-glycosidic bond

Answer 49

O-glycosidic bond

Question 50

sugars in glycoprotiens are attached to the amide nitrogen atom in the side chain _ or _ termed O-linkaged

Answer 50

serine or threonine

Question 51

_ is the storage form of glucose

Answer 51

glycogen

Question 52

nutritional reservoir in plants is starch which there are 2 forms:

Answer 52

1. amylose which is unbranched | 2. amylopectin which is branched

Question 53

T/F: the polysaccharide of glucose found in plants and plays a structural role is cellulose

Answer 53

true

Question 54

a carbohydrate group covalently attached to a protein forms a

Answer 54

glycoprotein

Question 55

Glycoprotiens: 1: glycoproteins, by weight have more _ than _ 2. carbohydrates added on membrane proteins are for: 3. carbohydrates added on soluble proteins are for:

Answer 55

1. glycoproteins have more protein than sugar by weight 2. cell adhesion 3. cell signaling

Question 56

erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates:

Answer 56

RBC production

Question 57

GlcNAc is a glycoprotein whos presence is indicative of:

Answer 57

cellular energy stores

Question 58

Glycoprotiens: 1. glycosamminoglycans are more _ than _ by weight 2. have repeating _ units 3. their sugar component is _

Answer 58

1. more sugar than protein by weight 2. dissacharide units 3. sugar component of proteoglycans

Question 59

proteoglycans are proteins attached to glycosaminoglycans and have important structural roles. given that info, what are some examples of proteoglycans?

Answer 59

cartilge blood clotting chitin

Question 60

Glycoproteins: 1. mucins are more _ than _ by weight 2. offer protection + hydration = _

Answer 60

1. more sugar than protein by weight | 2. lubrication

Question 61

T/F: glycolipids decorate cell membranes and are used to recognize self from other

Answer 61

true

Question 62

Type O/A/B: O to B is addition of _

Answer 62

galactose (monsaccaride)

Question 63

Type O/A/B: O to A difference is a modified _

Answer 63

galactose (N-acetylgalactosamine)

Question 64

Type O/A/B: A to B difference on _

Answer 64

N-linked acetyl