Exam 3 AA Metabolism II (synthesis)

Question 1

what are the metabolites from glycolysis to synthesize aas?

Answer 1

1. 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG)
2. PEP
3. pyruvate

Question 2

what are the metabolites from TCA cycle to synthesize aas?

Answer 2

1. a-ketoglutarate

2. OAA

Question 3

what are the metabolites from PP pathway to synthesize aas?

Answer 3

1. ribose-5-phosphate

2. erythrose-5-phosphate

Question 4

what is important about arginine (Arg, R) being an essential aa?

Answer 4

we don’t make enough

Question 5

what does ALT exchange (transamination)

Answer 5

pyruvate to alanine (Ala, A)

Question 6

what does AST exchange (transamination)

Answer 6

OAA to aspartate (Asp, D)

Question 7

what does glutamate dehydrogenase exchange (transamination)

Answer 7

a-ketogluturate to glutamate (Glu, E)

Question 8

aspartate fates: what aa do we get when glutamine (Gln, Q) donates an NH3 to aspartate?

Answer 8

asparagine (Asn, N)

Question 9

aspartate fates: what are the essential aas can be made from aspartate? And how are there synthesis regulated?

Answer 9

lysine (Lys, K), methionine (Met, M), threonine (Thr, T). Tightly regulated by feedback inhibition

Question 10

glutamine fates: how do we get glutamine from glutamate?

Answer 10

glutamine is used to transport free NH4+ to the liver in a non-toxic form so an ammonium ion is added to glutamate (non-muscle cells)

Question 11

what is adenylylation?

Answer 11

addition of a ribonucleotide monophosphate = +AMP by adenylyl transferase (AT)

Question 12

what is uridylylation?

Answer 12

+UMP by uridylyl transferase (UT)

Question 13

how do we get glutamine synthesis feedforward activation?

Answer 13

substrates a-ketoglutarate and ATP activate PII-UMP which then associates with AT to undergo deadenylylation and glutamine synthetase is active

Question 14

how do we get glutamine synthesis feedback inhibition?

Answer 14

product glutamine maintains PII which associates with AT to undergo adenylylation and glutamine synthetase is inactive

Question 15

what aas can be synthesized from glutamate (Glu, E)?

Answer 15

proline (Pro, P) and ornithine (which is arginine minus urea)

Question 16

serine (Ser, S) is a derivative of _

Answer 16

3-phosphoglycerate

Question 17

glycine (Gly, G) is a derivative of _

Answer 17

serine which is derived from 3-phosphoglycerate

Question 18

cysteine (Cys, C) is a derivative of _

Answer 18

serine which is derived from 3-phosphoglycerate

Question 19

tyrosine (Try, Y) is a catabolic intermediate of _

Answer 19

phenylalanine (Phe, F)

Question 20

aromatic aas are derived from intermediates originating from

Answer 20

PP pathway (not in humans)

Question 21

the branched aas: valine (Val, V), leucine (Leu, L), and isoleucine (Ile, I) are derivatives of

Answer 21

pyruvate

Question 22

2 central aas: serine can become what? (5)

Answer 22

1. contribute to phospholipids
2. pyruvate (via ammonium lyase)
3. cysteine
4. glycine (via remove side chain from serine)
5. contribute to THF

Question 23

2 central aas: glycine can become what?

Answer 23

1. purine nucleotides biosynthesis
2. serine
3. contribute to THF
4. porphyrins, glutathione, creatine phosphate

Question 24

heme is a _ derivative

Answer 24

glycine

Question 25

porphyrias is a deficiency in

Answer 25

heme synthesis; heme is a derivative of glycine

Question 26

what kind of aa absorb light

Answer 26

aliphatic aas

Question 27

glutathione, polyamines, and GABA are derived from _

Answer 27

glutamate

Question 28

glutathione is an _ polyamines stabilize _ GABA is an _

Answer 28

glutathione is an ANTIOXIDANT polyamines stabilize DNA GABA is an INHIB NEUROTRANSMITTER

Question 29

what are the arginine derived molecules

Answer 29

NO a good free radical and creatine phosphate

Question 30

_ is the primary methyl donor in cells

Answer 30

SAM

Question 31

what are the histidine (His, H) derived molecules?

Answer 31

histamine

Question 32

what are the tryptophan (Trp, W) derived molecules?

Answer 32

serotonin which is also a precursor for melatonin

Question 33

what are the tyrosine derived molecules?

Answer 33

L-dopa

Question 34

L-dopa can be _ to created hormones and _ to create pigments

Answer 34

decarboxylated to create hormones and oxidized to create pigments

Question 35

what are tyrosine derived hormones/catecholamines

Answer 35

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine is the neurtoransmitter version; also dopamine

Question 36

decr dopamine is associated with _ and incre dopamine is associated with _

Answer 36

- decr dopamine = Parkinson's Disease and ADHD | - incr dopamine = schizophrenia and drug addiction

Question 37

what are the tyrosine derived pigments?

Answer 37

dopaquinine is processed to form melanin pigments

Question 38

albinism is a deficiency of _

Answer 38

tyrosinase

Question 39

dark hair has more _-melanins and light hair has more _-melanins

Answer 39

dark has more EUmelanins and light hair has more PHEOmelanins