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Anatomy > Exam 2 Materials > Flashcards

Exam 2 Materials Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

How many bones in adult?

A

206 (Axial 80, Appendicular 126)

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2
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Lots of collagen fibers
  • Very strong/resilient
  • Compressed all the time & can bounce back
  • 80% water
  • Located: Intervertebral discs
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3
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • Large chondrocytes
  • Located: External ear
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4
Q

Functions of Bones

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage (minerals, fat in yellow bone marrow)
  3. Protection
  4. Movement
  5. Hemopoiesis (blood cells made in bone barrow)
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5
Q

Endosteum

A

-Covers internal surface of bones

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6
Q

Endochondral ossification

A
  • Begins with hyaline cartilage
  • Produces majority of bone in body
  1. Cartilage dies in diaphysis, periosteum forms
  2. Primary ossification of diaphysis
  3. Second ossification of epiphyses
    1. Medullary cavity forms
  4. Bone replaces cartilage (except hyaline cartilage @ ends and epiphyseal plates)
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7
Q

What are the 4 types of paranasal sinuses / nasal cavities?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Ethmoid
  3. Sphenoid
  4. Maxillary
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8
Q

How many cranial?

A

8

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9
Q

Articular Cartilages

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage on epiphyses –> reduce friction between bones

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10
Q

What is fibrous (structural) joint? Subdivisions?

A
  • Bones held by collagen fibers, no joint cavity
  • Gomphoses
  • Suture
  • Syndesmoses
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11
Q

How does bone fracture heal?

A
  1. Hematoma (blood clot) occurs
  2. Fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms
  3. Bone (hard) callus replaces soft callus
  4. Bone remodeled
    1. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts involved
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12
Q

Synarthroses joint

A
  • Immobile joints (most stable)
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13
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Most common
  • “Glassy” - can’t see fibers, matrix is clear
  • Located: Articular ends of long bones
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14
Q

Haversian (Central) Canal

A

Carries blood vessels and nerves

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15
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

-Slightly mobile joints

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16
Q

How is bone remodeled?

A
  1. Zone 1: Resting cartilage next to epiphyses
  2. Zone 2: Proliferating cartilage (making more cartilage)
  3. Zone 3: Hypertrophic cartilage (cartilage too big)
  4. Zone 4: Cartilage cells calcified (dying)
  5. Zone 5: Osteoblasts formed, bone remodeled by calcium
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17
Q

Bursa

A

Sacs outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons, bones rub

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18
Q

Canaliculi

A

Between lacunaes, allowing metabolic interactions between osteocytes

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19
Q

Haversian System (Osteon)

A
  • Basic structure/functional unit of mature compact bone
  • Cylindrical
  • Parallel to shaft of bone
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20
Q

What is cartilaginous joint? Subdivisions?

A

Bones held by cartilage, no joint cavity.

  • Synchondroses
  • Symphyses
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21
Q

Perforating Fibers

A

Collagen fibers that go straight into bone

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22
Q

How many bones in “arm”

A
  • 30 total
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23
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Covering of bone (but not articular cartilage)
  • Anchor for blood vessels/nerves
    • Anchored by perforating fibers
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24
Q

Perichondrium

A

Connective tissue membrane surround outside cartilage

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25
Perforating (Volkman's) Canals
Perpendicular connections to central canals w/blood vessels & nerves
26
Synchondroses joint
- Cartilaginous joint - Bones joined by hyalina cartilage (immobile) - Epiphyseal plate
27
Syndesmoses joint
- Fibrous joint - Between parallel bones (radius and ulna), immobile
28
Tendon sheaths
Elongated bursas around tendons where they rub (wrist and ankles)
29
How many facial bones?
14
30
Symphyses joint
- Cartilaginous Joints - Bones joined by pad of fibrocartilage (slightly mobile) - Pubic symphyses
31
Functions of cartilage
* Support (Elastic cartilage) * Articulations (Hyaline cartilage and Fibrocartilage) * Precursor for bone growth (hyaline cartilage)
32
Concentric Lamella
Rings around central canal
33
Osteogenic
- Mesenchymal stem cells - Undergoes mitosis to make more stem cells or osteoblasts
34
Intramembranous Ossification
* Develops from Mesenchyme * Produces * Flat bones * Some facial bones * Mandible * Central portion of clavicle
35
Diarthroses
Freely mobile joints
36
Trabeculae
Thin columns and plates of bone that create a spongy structure
37
What makes a male pelvis different from females?
1. Subpubic angle 90 degrees or less 2. Hips are more narrow 3. Pelvic is longer 4. Coccyx is vertical (female post. tilt) 5. Acetabulum larger
38
Functions of skeletal muscle tissue
1. Movement 2. Maintains posture 3. Regulates temperature 4. Storage (don't worry too much) 5. Support
39
Order of skeletal muscle structural organization
1. Muscle 2. Fascicles (bundles of fibers) 3. Muscle fiber 4. Myofibrils 5. Myofilaments 6. Actin and Myosin
40
Sarcolemma
Plasma membrane of muscle fibers
41
Sarcoplasm
Cytoplasm of muscle fibers
42
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- Smooth ER of muscle fibers - Stores calcium ions for muscle contractions
43
T-tubules
* Deep T-pouches of the sarcolemma that extends into sarcoplasm * Function: brings stimulus down to cisternae
44
Terminal cisternae
Blind sacs at end of sarcoplasmic reticulum Site of calcium ion release for muscle contraction
45
**_Epi_**mysium
Membrane surrounds the entire muscle
46
**_Perimy_**sium
Membrane that covers the fascicles
47
**_Endomy_**sium
Inside a fasicles and between each muscle fiber, they electrically insulate fibers
48
Fasicles
Bundles of muscle fibers
49
Myofibrils
* **_Cylindrical structures of a muscle fiber_** that **_extend the whole length_** of cell * Myofibrils are **_made up of myofilaments_**
50
Myofilaments
* Short bundles that make up myofibrils * Do not run entire length, organized into repetitive groups * Actin (thin) and Myosin (thick)
51
Titin
1. Filaments of an elastic protein 2. Help return myofilaments to resting position after contraction
52
Sarcomere
* Functional contracile unit in a skeletal muscle fiber * Defined by area **_between two adjacent Z discs_** * Shortens during muscle fiber contractions
53
H Zone
* Light central region of A band * No thin filaments
54
M Line
The middle (protein) line in the H Zone that keeps the thick filaments together
55
Z Discs
A protein, in middle of I band, attaching to thin filaments
56
A band
* D**_a_**rk band in middle of sarcomere * Thick filaments only * Lateral ends has overlapping thin filaments * Stays constant in contractions
57
I band
* L**_i_**ght bands * Thin filaments and titin protein only * Narrows during contractions
58
Neuromuscular Junctions
Where motor neuron comes into close proximity to muscle fibers
59
Circular Arrangement
Orbicularis Oris
60
Parallel Arrangement
Rectus Abdominus
61
Convergent
- Triangular in shape, fibers **_coverge_** to one point - Pectoralis major
62
Unipennate
- All fibers go to one side - Extensor Digitorum
63
Bipennate
- Fibers go to two sides - Rectus Femoris (thigh)
64
Multipennate
- Fibers go to multiple sides - Deltoid

Anatomy (18 decks)

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