Exam 5 Flashcards
(64 cards)
1
Q
Neuron (nerve cells)
A
Excitable cells that initiate, transmit, and receive nerve impulses
2
Q
Neuroglia (glial cells)
A
Nonexcitable cells that support and protect the neurons
3
Q
Structure of neuron: 3 parts
A
1) Cell body
2) Dendrites
3) Axons
4
Q
Cell body
A
- Has organelles, keeps cells alive
5
Q
Dendrites
A
- Brings nerve impulses to cell body
6
Q
Axons
A
- Takes info away from cell body
7
Q
What is most common structural neuron?
A
Multipolar
8
Q
Astrocyte location?
Function?
A
- CNS
1) Feeds neurons
2) Replaces DAMAGED neurons
3) Forms blood-brain barrier (BBB)
9
Q
Ependymal cell location?
Function?
A
-CNS
Makes and moves cerebral spinal fluid
10
Q
Microglial Cell location?
Function?
A
- CNS
1) Pathogen defense
2) Removes debris, dead/dying cells
11
Q
Oligodendrocyte location?
Function?
A
- CNS
- Produces myelin - Insulates and speeds up electrical activity
12
Q
Satellite Cells
A
PNS
- Only in ganglia
- Protect cell body
13
Q
Location of Schwann Cell (Neurolemmocyte)?
Function?
A
- PNS
- Insulates and speeds up electrical activity (like oligodendrocyte)
14
Q
Grey Matter
A
- Functional parts of cells
- Forms cortex and cerebral nuclei
15
Q
White matter
A
- Myelinated axons
- Lies deep to gray matter of cortex
16
Q
Meninges
A
- CT that surrounds brain:
1) Close and protects brain/blood vessels
2) Contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
17
Q
Functions of cerebrospinal fluid
A
1) Floats brain
2) Protection
3) Transport nutrients, removes wastes
18
Q
Function of blood-brain barrier
A
- Strictly regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluids of brain
19
Q
Cerebrumm - Main function?
A
All conscious thought processes
20
Q
What are tracts?
A
Bundles of white matter
21
Q
Frontal Lobe
A
Precentral gyrus - Voluntary motor control
22
Q
Parietal Lobe
A
Postcentral gyrus - general somatic sensory functions
23
Q
Temporal Lobe
A
Hearing and smell
24
Q
Occipital Lobe
A
Anything to do with visual info
25
Higher-Order Processing
-Lots of **_synapsing_** and **_"talking"_** w/different areas of brain in cerebrum
26
Where is epithalamus? Main Function?
- **_Posterior_** to Thalamus
- Secretes **_melatonin_** (regulates day-night cycles)
27
Thalamus function?
- **_Final relay point_** for **_sensory info_** to be **_processed_** and **_sent to cerebral cortex_**
28
Hypothalamus function?
1) Control autonomic system
2) Control endocrine system
3) Control emotions
4) Regulate body temperature
5) Hunger
6) Thirst
7) Works with epithalamus for sleep cycles
29
Assocation tracts
Communicates within same hemisphere
30
Commisural tracts
Communicates between two hemisphere (corpus callosum)
31
Projection tracts
Connects cortex to rest of of brain
32
Midbrain
- Most superior
- Eye movement
- Vision/hearing processing
33
Pons
- Bulging region
- **_Regulates breathing_**
- **_Influences activity of respiratory center_** in medulla oblongata
34
Medulla Oblongata
- Most caudal
- Vital body functions( (heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate)
35
Cerebellum main function?
- Communicates with cortex to fine-tune skeletal movement
36
Vermis
- Splits the **_cerebellar hemispheres_**
37
How long is spinal cord?
16-18 inches in length
38
**_Cervical enlargement_** of spinal cord?
- Innervates upper limbs
39
**_Lumbosacral**_ _**enlargement_** of spinal cord?
Innervates lower limbs
40
What is the end of spinal cord called?
Conus Medullaris
41
Where does the spinal cord end?
At L1-L2
42
Cauda Equina
- Below conus medullaris
- Axons projecting from spinal cord
43
Filum Terminale
- Thin strand of pia mater that anchors cord to tail bone
44
How many pairs of spinal cord?
31 pairs
45
Denticulate Ligaments
- In pia mater, holds spinal cord in place laterally
46
Anterior Horns
- Grey matter
- Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons - **_innervates only skeletal muscles_**
47
Where are lateral horns located?
- Mostly thoracic and upper lumbar
48
Lateral horn functions?
- Part of the autonomic, sympathetic division
- Innervates cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
49
Posterior horns
- Has axons of **_sensory neurons**_ and _**cell bodies of interneurons_**
- Sends info up to thalamus
50
Gray Commisure
- Houses central canal
51
What does anterior (ventral) roots carry?
- Motor axons only
52
What does posterior (dorsal) roots carry?
- Sensory axons only
53
What are dorsal root ganglion?
Cell bodies of sensory axons
54
What is the parasympathetic division also called craniosacral outflow?
Bc **_preganglionic neurons_** housed in **_lateral gray divisions_** of **_S2-S4_**
55
Why is the sympathetic division also called thoracolumbar outflow?
Bc preganglionic neurons are in **_lateral horns_** between **_T1-L2_**
56
Preganglionic axons of sympathetic division carried by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
- White rami communicantes
57
Postganglionic sympathetic axons carried from sympathetic trunk carried by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
- Gray Rami Communicantes
58
Chemoreceptors
-Detects molecules dissolved in fluid
59
Photoreceptors
-Detect changes in light
60
Mechanoreceptors
- Detects physical changes in receptors
61
Baroreceptors
- Detects pressure in body (blood vessels)
62
Nociceptors
- Detects tissue damage and pain
63
What are the cranial nerves for gustatory info?
7 - Facial
9 - Glossopharyngeal
64
Anatomical name for eyelids?
Palpebrae
