Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Gas conditioning
A
Adding heat and moisture to air we breathe in
2
Q
What is the nasal cavity and oral cavity separated by?
A
Hard palate (palatine bone + maxilla)
3
Q
Another name for pharynx?
A
Throat
4
Q
Another name for Larynx?
A
Voice box
5
Q
Another name for trachea?
A
Wind pipe
6
Q
What are the nasal cavities? What do they do?
A
-Superior/Middle/Inferior nasal conchas (covered in mucosa) - Gas condition
7
Q
What are the paranasal sinuses? What do they do?
A
-Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla -Lightens skull
8
Q
Where is Nasopharynx located?
A
-Above palate, in throat
9
Q
What is lining for Nasopharynx?
A
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
10
Q
Where is the pharyngeal tonsils located? What is the other name for it?
A
- Nasopharynx
- Adenoids
11
Q
What is the lining for Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx?
A
Nonkeratinized stratified sqaumous (think protection from hot/sharp foods)
12
Q
Fauces
A
- Opening of oral cavity –> oropharynx
- Pair of muscular arches
13
Q
Where are palatine tonsils located?
A
- Fauces (in oropharynx)
14
Q
Where are lingual tonsils located?
A
- Base of tongue
15
Q
Where is the oropharynx located?
A
Below soft palate
16
Q
Lining - Larynx? (Superior & inferior)
A
Superior: Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Inferior: Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar epithelium
17
Q
Lining - Trachea?
A
- Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
18
Q
Lining - Bronchi? (large)
A
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
19
Q
Lining - Bronchioles?
A
Simple Columnar (larger) –> Simple cuboidal (smaller)
20
Q
Lining - Respiratory Bronchioles
A
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
21
Q
Lining - Alveolar ducts & Alveoli?
A
Simple Squamous
22
Q
What are the cartilages of the Larynx?
A
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
- Epiglottis
Minor: Arytenoids, corniculate/cuneiform
23
Q
Trachea
A
- Wind Pipe
- C-shaped hyaline cartilage (front and sides of trachea)
- Trachealis muscle @ back
24
Q
Bronchiole tree consists of?
A
- Primary Bronchi
- Secondary Bronchi (Lobars)
- Tertiary Bronchi (Segmental)
25
Bronchioles
- **_Less than 1mm in diamater_**
- Made of **_smooth (involuntary)_** muscle
- Bronchoconstriction (sympathetic)
- Bronchodilation (parasympathetic)
26
Alveoli (alvelous)?
-Where **_diffusion_** of **_gases_** occur
27
Pulmonary Surfactant
- **_Chemical_** that keeps **_air sacs_** of **_alveolus_** **_open_**
- By **_decreasing surface tension_**
28
Respiratory Membrane
- **_Diffusion barrier_** where **_respiratory gases_** are exchanged **_between blood and air in alveoli_**
- Fused membrane of **_Type I alveolar cell_** and **_Capillary cell_**
29
Thryoid Cartilage
- Adam's Apple (aka **_Laryngeal prominence)_**
- Biggest, doesn't cover back
30
Cricoid Cartilage
- Small in front, big in back (ring shaped)
31
Epiglottis (larynx cartilage)
- A flap, looks like leaf
- Closes opening (glottis) of larynx, when swallowing so it doesn't go into resp. tract
32
Arytenoid
- Minor Larynx Cartilage
- Imporant in speech, connected to vocal cords
33
Types of Alveoli cells?
- Type I: Simple squamous for rapid diffusion
- Type II: Simple cuboidal in shape, For pulmonary surfactant
34
What controls rate and depth of breathing?
**_Respiratory Rhythmicity Center_** in **_Medulla Oblongata_**
35
What are the 5 functions of saliva?
1. Moistens bolus
2. Cleans/lubricates oral cavity
3. Begins chemical digestion
4. Antibacterial
5. Important for tastebuds
36
What are the 3 salivary glands?
1. Parotid gland (sits below ears)
2. Submandibular gland (below mandible)
3. Sublingual gland (below tongue)
37
What are Intraperitoneal Organs? What do those organs include?
- Organs completely surrounded by **_visceral peritoneum_**
- **_Stomach_** and most of **_small intestines_**
38
What are **_Retroperitoneal Organs_**? What do those organs include?
- Organs in **_direct**_ _**contact**_ with _**posterior abdominal and pelvic walls**_. Only their _**front is covered in visceral peritoneum_**
1. Pancreas
2. Ascending/Descending colon of large intestines
3. Rectum
39
Lesser Omentum
- Between **stomach** and **liver**
40
Greater Omentum
- **Hangs** from **stomach** --\> Goes to **colon**
- **Holds** **intestines in place**
41
Mesentary Proper
**Holds small intestine** to **posterior wall**
42
Mesocolon
Holds **colon of large intestine** to posterilr wall
43
What are the walls of the abdominal GI Tract / Digestive Tract / Alimentary Canal?
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis Externa
- Adventitia or Serosa
44
Mucosa and it's 3 components?
- Deepest layer
- 3 components:
1. Epithelium Lining
2. Lamina Propia (areolar connective tissue)
3. Muscularis Mucosae (smooth muscle)
45
Submucosa
- **Largest area** of **connective tissue**
**- Blood vessels** and **nerves**
**- Lymphatic ducts**
- **Mucin-secreting glands**
46
**Muscularis Externa**, its 2 sublayers, and exceptions?
1. Inner layer: Squeezes lumen
2. Outer layer: Shortens tubes
Exceptions:
1. Esophagus has skeletal muscle
2. Stomach has 3 layers
47
Adventitia
- Outermost layer
- Arreolar CT w/ collagen and elastic fibers
- In esophagus and rectum
48
Serosa
- **_Serous membrane_ only in abdomen (small/large intestine, etc)**
**- Mainly visceral layer of peritoneum**
**- Areolar CT and simple squamous epithelium**
49
Lacteals
- **Specialized lymphatic _capillaries_**
**-** In villi of small intestines, **absorbs fats**
50
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
- **_Immune/Defense system**_ in _**mucosa**_ in _**GI Tract_**
**-** In **lymphatic tissue**
51
Lining of Esophagus?
- Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (for protection of rough foods)
52
Gastric folds (rugae)
- Temporary folds in stomach
53
Lining of stomach wall?
- Simple Columnar epitehlium
54
External Respiration
Exchange of gases between **_lungs**_ and _**enviroment_**
55
Internal Respiration
Exchange of gases between **_lungs and blood_**, and then between **_blood and tissues_**
56
Parietal Cell (of stomach)
- Produces hydrochloric acid
- Intrinsic factor: Absorbs B12 / Produce Erythryocytes
57
Chief Cells
- **Works** w/**_parietal cells_**
- Produces **_pepsinogen (inactive)_** + Hydrochloric acid (parietal cell) = **_pepsin_**
**_- Begins protein digestion (in stomach)_**
58
How long are the Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum respectively in the small intestine?
10, 7.5, and 10.8 inches
59
What does the duodenum do?
-**Receives _bile_** from **_major duodenal papilla_**
60
What does the jejunum do?
-Primary part for chemical digestion/nutrient absorption
61
What does ileum do?
-Last part of small intestine, starts to reabsorb water here
62
Ileocecal valve
- A **_sphincter_** at **_the illeum_** that **_controls entry_** --\> **_large intestine_**
63
Circular Folds (Plicae Circularis)
- **_Only in small intestines_**
- **_Increase surface area**_ = _**nutrient absorption_**
- Circular Folds --\> villi --\> microvilli
64
Main functions of large intestines?
- **_Reabsorption_** of **_fluids, ions_**, and **_electrolytes_**
- Packs **_wastes into feces_**
- Stores **_feces**_ until _**expulsion_**
65
Order of large intestines?
1. Cecum
2. Ascending colon
3. Transverse colon
4. Descending colon
5. Sigmoid Colon
6. Rectum
7. Anal Canal
66
Lining of large intestines
- Simple columnar epithelium w/goblet cells
67
Nephrons (of kidneys)
- Microscopic structures that make urine
68
Afferent arterioles (of kidneys)
- Little arteries going into nephron
- Things that aren't filtered go through here
69
Renal Corpuscle (of kidneys)
- Capsule surrounding glomerulus
- Aka **_Bowman's Capsule_**
70
Glomerulus
- "**_Ball_**" of **_capillaries_**
- First part of making urine
- Where **_filtrates**_ goes through _**filtration_**
71
Efferent arterioles
- Arterioles where remaining blood exits glomerulus
- Can go to either:
1) **_Peritubular Capillaries_**
2) **_Vasa Recta_**
72
Peritubular Tubes
- **_Capillaries_** surrounding **_convoluted tubes**_ in _**renal cortex_**
73
Vasa Recta
- **_Capilaries_** associated with **_nephron loop (long one sticking out)_** in the **_medulla_**
74
Components of a Nephron? (4 parts)
1) Renal Corpuscle
2) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
3) Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
4) Distal Convoluted Tubule
75
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
- **_Simple Cuboidal Epithelium_** w/**_tall microvilli_**
- **_Reabsorbs nutrients and water_** --\> entering **_peritubular capillaries_** returning it --\> **_blood system_**
76
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
- **_Reabsorbs water/solutes_**
77
Distal Convoluted Tubule
- In **_renal cortex_**
- **_Removes K+ and H+_** from **_pertiubular capillaries_** --\> **_tubular fluid_**
