Exam 2 - Minerals

Question 1

T/F minerals can be synthesized in the lab

Answer 1

False, they have to be mined

Question 2

All minerals have to be in what form in order to absorbed, with 1 exception

Answer 2

Ionic state

-exception is heme; absorbed as part of the heme complex

Question 3

Nonmetal minerals generally have a (positive/negative) charge

Answer 3

Negative

Question 4

Major minerals are required in what amounts

Answer 4

> 100mg/day

Question 5

Trace minerals are required in what amounts

Answer 5

1-100mg/day

Question 6

Ultra trace minerals are required in what amounts

Answer 6

<1mg/day

Question 7

99% of calcium is located where

Answer 7

Bones and teeth

-most abundant divalent cation in the body

Question 8

Most common form of Calcium found in supplements and fortified foods

Answer 8

Calcium Carbonate

Question 9

Form of Calcium that requires an acidic environment to be absorbed

Answer 9

Calcium Carbonate

• supplements and fortified foods
• take with Vit. C in order to absorb

Question 10

Calcium is absorbed by 2 possible mechanisms

Answer 10

Active transport
-Calbindin 9k
-Stimulated by Vit. D
Passive diffusion
-used when Calbindin 9k is already saturated
-large doses such as dairy

Question 11

Which form of absorption is most likely to take place when consuming a large dose of dairy product or supplements

Answer 11

Passive diffusion

-Calbindin 9k is saturated

Question 12

Calbindin 9k is located in the SI while calbindin 28k is located in the _____

Answer 12

Kidneys

Question 13

Na is the biggest contributor to (increased/decreased) Calcium absorption

Answer 13

Increased calcium absorption

Question 14

RDA for calcium for Adults 19-50 years and >51 years old

Answer 14

19-50 years old = 1000mg

>51 years - 1200mg

Question 15

Best source of Calcium

Answer 15

Dairy

-also canned fish, spinach

Question 16

Besides bone mineralization what other function does Calcium play a role in

Answer 16

Cell signaling

• muscle contraction, nerve signaling, membrane permeability
• Hypocalcemia= tetany

Question 17

Tetany is a symptom of calcium (deficiency/toxicity)

Answer 17

Calcium Deficiency

• hyper excitability
• also; parasthesia in extremities

Question 18

T/F A Vit. D deficiency can cause a Calcium deficiency

Answer 18

True

-Vit. D is required for Calcium absorption

Question 19

Extreme fatigue is a symptom of Calcium (deficiency/toxicity)

Answer 19

Toxicity

• Constipation
• Hallucinations
• Supplement, high dairy intake, hyperparathyroidism

Question 20

Hyperparathyroidism can lead to (hypo-/hyper-)Calcemia

Answer 20

hypercalcemia

-toxicity= fatigue, constipation, hallucination

Question 21

(High/Low) serum Calcium stimulated PTH secretion

Answer 21

Low serum Calcium

Question 22

Chronic antacid use and sarcoidosis may cause (hyper-/hypo-)Calcemia

Answer 22

Hypercalcemia

-sarcoidosis = increased Vit D activation

Question 23

2nd most abundant mineral in the body

Answer 23

Phosphorus

Question 24

4 functions of Phosphorus

Answer 24

Bone mineralization
Part of ATP and cAMP
Covalent modification - phosphorylation
Part of Phospholipids

Question 25

Phosphorus functions in covalent modification via phosphoproteins which do function by:

Answer 25

Phosphorylation - adding or removing a phosphate group

Question 26

T/F Plants are a better source of Phosphorus than animals

Answer 26

False, Animals are the best source of phosphorus

Question 27

Arrhythmias and cardiac myopathy are a symptom of (hyper-/hypo-)Phosphatemia

Answer 27

Hypophosphatemia - RARE - alcoholics, renal/liver disease

Question 28

Phosphorus toxicity is RARE but it may lead to (hyper-/hypo-)Calcemia

Answer 28

Hypocalcemia - Tetany - Decreased Calcium absorption

Question 29

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is a high dietary _______ intake

Answer 29

Phosphorus - too much meat, not enough dairy - High Phosphorus, Low Calcium - release more PTH because of Low Calcium

Question 30

T/F While animal products are the best source of phosphorus, fruits can serve as a good source

Answer 30

False, Fruits = POOR source | -good = nuts, legumes, dairy

Question 31

Which mineral is always associated with stabilizing ATP

Answer 31

Magnesium

Question 32

Magnesium functions as a cofactor for mainly which type of enzymes

Answer 32

Kinases that use ADP or ATP

Question 33

Which mineral can be beneficial for stopping pre term labor as it functions as a muscle relaxer

Answer 33

Magnesium

Question 34

Besides bone mineralization, what else does magnesium function in (2)

Answer 34

Muscle relaxer PTH secretion -Too much magnesium inhibits PTH secretion

Question 35

High levels of Magnesium will (stimulate/inhibit) PTH secretion

Answer 35

Inhibit PTH | -leads to hypocalcemia because of low PTH

Question 36

Best sources of Magnesium are (Plants/Animals)

Answer 36

Plants | -nuts, seeds, DLGV, grains, legumes

Question 37

Tetany is a symptom of (hyper-/hypo-)Magnesemia

Answer 37

Hypomagnesemia | -leads to low PTH --> low Vit D ----> low Ca = tetany

Question 38

Along with hypocalcemia, what is another symptom of a Magnesium deficiency

Answer 38

Muscle weakness

Question 39

Migraines are a symptom of (hyper/hypo)Magnesemia

Answer 39

Hypermagnesemia | -from supplements ONLY

Question 40

People taking high doses of Magnesium supplements are at risk for what types of symptoms

Answer 40

Migraines Slurred speech diarrhea