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Neuroscience for Communication Disorders > Exam 2 - Neurons, Sensory, & Reflexes > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Neurons, Sensory, & Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

Basic unit of the nervous system

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2
Q

Sensory-motor integration

A

Basic principle of nervous system

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3
Q

Reflexes

A

The basic unit for sensory-motor integration

Sensory neuron connecting to motor neuron for response

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4
Q

Dendrites

A

Branches

Major receptor of signals for neuron

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5
Q

Cell body

A

Also: soma/perikaryon

Process and integrates signals

Emits outgoing signals from neuron

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6
Q

Axon

A

Major transmitter of signals for neuron

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Consists of protein molecules in watery substance within membrane

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8
Q

Nucleolus

A

Centerpiece within nucleus

“Heart within heart”

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Heart of neuron

Control center of neuron

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy source for cell

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11
Q

Axon hillock

A

No nissl bodies

Gateway to cell

Area where axon meets cell body

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12
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Protein synthesis

Not in axon hillock

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13
Q

Axon terminals

A

Root-like telodendra endings of axon

“Tree roots”

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14
Q

Axon boutons

A

Also: buttons

Knob on end of axon terminals for presynaptic function

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15
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Within axon boutons

Packets of neurotransmitter substances that release to other neurons or muscles

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16
Q

Myelination

A

Allows for rapid transmission of neuronal impulses

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17
Q

Schwann cells

A

Cells that form myelin around axons

18
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Space between two internodes (segments) of myelin

19
Q

Nervous system function

A

Sensory afferent (input) to motor efferent (output)

Sensory info from outside body travels into nervous system by sensory neurons and contacts central nervous system through dorsal horn (in spinal cord and brain stem)

20
Q

Sensory (afferent) receptors

A

Exterocepters

Propriocepters

Interocepters

21
Q

Exterocepters

A

Receive stimuli on surface of body

Includes: vision, sound, smell, and superficial skin (cutaneous) sensation

22
Q

Propriocepters

A

Receive stimuli from muscles, tendons, and joints

Includes inner ear

Not touch, but position in space

23
Q

Interocepters

A

Receive stimuli from internal surfaces and include sensations of pain, pressure, or distension (swelling) from smooth muscles, organs, and viscera

24
Q

Energy transformers

A

Receive and transform energy based on the type of signals they process

Mechanoreceptive

Chemoreceptive

Thermoreceptive

Nociceptive

25
Q

Mechanoreceptive

A

Touch, pressure, and position

Stretch, vibration

26
Q

Chemoreceptive

A

Gustatory (taste) and olfaction (smell)

27
Q

Thermoceptive

A

Temperature

28
Q

Nociceptive

A

Pain receptors for noxious stimuli affecting cells and tissues

29
Q

Graded potential

A

Leads to action potential when strong enough

Occurs in dendrites and soma when there is a change in voltage

Spreads in all directions and dies out as it spreads

30
Q

Action potential

A

Axon hillock to axon to terminal buttons

Sends impulses for long distances

Excitatory or inhibitory

All or nothing; keeps strength

31
Q

Generating action potential (1-3)

A
  1. Cell membrane polarized @ -70mv; resting membrane potential
  2. Cell body receiving excitatory and inhibitory signals from other neurons
  3. Signals depolarize membrane
32
Q

Generating action potential (4 and 5)

A
  1. Axon hillock stimulated; action when graded is strong

5. Action travels down axon with same speed and strength to terminals

33
Q

Generating action potential (6-8)

A
  1. Action continues from channels opening and closing to spread depolarization effect
  2. When depolarization reaches telodendra, presynaptic cell releases neurochemicals
  3. Presynaptic cell unresponsive for 0.8 ms
34
Q

Generating action potential (9 and 10)

A
  1. Protein pumps activate and repolarize presynaptic cell

10. Post synaptic cell receives neurotransmitter across synaptic cleft and responds

35
Q

Basic components of reflex pattern

A

Sensory receptor/afferent neuron

Lower motor neuron (alpha motor neuron) and muscle fibers it activates

36
Q

Motor unit

A

Made up of lower motor neuron and muscle fibers

37
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

Also alpha motor neuron and final common pathway for response from nervous system

In ventral horn of brain stem and spinal cord

38
Q

Motor/efferent information travel

A

Leaves nervous system by lower motor neuron located in ventral horn (in spinal cord and brain stem)

39
Q

Basic reflex patterns

A

Monosynaptic stretch reflex

Polysynaptic reflex arc

Gamma loop

40
Q

Monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

Most direct reflex response

  1. Proprioceptive input (muscle spindle) to dorsal root ganglion into spinal/cranial dorsal horn
  2. Afferent input directly to lower (alpha) motor neuron in spinal/cranial ventral horn
  3. LMN sends efferent to muscle fibers
  4. Muscle moves in quick, unsustained, and phasic pattern
41
Q

Polysynaptic reflex pattern

A

Second most direct reflex

  1. Cutaneous input to dorsal root ganglion
  2. Afferent connects with interneuron between spinal/cranial dorsal and ventral horns
  3. Interneuron connects with LMN in spinal/cranial ventral horn
  4. LMN efferent to muscle fibers
  5. Muscle moves in quick, unsustained, and phasic pattern
42
Q

Gamma loop

A

Indirect reflex

  1. Cutaneous input into dorsal root ganglion and into spinal/cranial dorsal horn
  2. Afferent axon connects with gamma motor neuron in spinal/cranial ventral horn
  3. GMN sends efferent to muscle spindle telling it to stretch
  4. Muscle spindle stretches
  5. Stretch causes spindle to send afferent to dorsal root ganglion and into spinal/cranial dorsal horn
  6. Spindle afferent connects with LMN in spinal/cranial ventral horn
  7. LMN sends efferent stimulation to muscle fibers
  8. Muscle moves in relatively sustained pattern

Neuroscience for Communication Disorders (10 decks)

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