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Neuroscience for Communication Disorders > Exam 3 - Neurobasis > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Neurobasis Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Spinal cord gray matter

A

Segmented and extends from 2nd lumbar vertebra to foramen magnum at base of skull

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2
Q

Spinal cord horns and zones

A

Dorsal

Ventral

Lateral zone

Intermediate zone

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3
Q

Dorsal horn

A

Receives afferent input for spinal cord

Sensory

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4
Q

Ventral horn

A

Transmits efferent impulses from spinal cord

Motor

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5
Q

Lateral zone

A

Has direct connections to brainstem for input and output from visceral nervous system

Lissauer’s zone

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6
Q

Intermediate zone

A

Contains interneuronal pools

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7
Q

Funiculi

A

White matter surrounding gray matter

Columns that allow fiber bundles to ascend from and descend to spinal segments

Dorsal, lateral, and ventral

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8
Q

Dorsal column

A

Important for proprioception, 2 point discrimination, and form perception

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9
Q

Lateral column

A

Long ascending and descending tracts

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10
Q

Ventral column

A

Short tracts for signals between spinal segments

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11
Q

Spinal segments and paired nerves

A

Cervical (8)

Thoracic (12)

Lumbar (5)

Sacral (5)

Coccygeal (1)

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12
Q

Distal sensory inputs

A

Travel medially

Lumbar and sacral

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13
Q

Proximal sensory inputs

A

Travel laterally

Cervical and thoracic

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14
Q

Neuron orders for ascending tracts

A

1st - dorsal root ganglion

2nd - crosses midline and forms lemniscus traveling toward thalamus

3rd - thalamic level travels to cortex

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15
Q

Ascending/afferent spinal tracts (general names)

A

Spinothalamic

Spinotectal

Spinocerebellar

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16
Q

Spinothalamic tracts

A

3 ascending tracts from spinal cord to thalamus

Lateral spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature, crude awareness)

Ventral spinothalamic tract (simple light touch and pressure, stereognosis, 2 point or point to point orientation)

Lateral ventral tract (exteroceptory)

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17
Q

Spinotectal tract (general info)

A

Ascends from cord to roof of brain stem

General sensory awareness and awareness in space

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18
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts

A

2 ascending tracts from cord to cerebellum

Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract (cutaneous input for control of direction, rate, and force of movement)

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract (proprioceptive info, coordination of posture)

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19
Q

Spinal cord efferent system

A

Lower motor neuron or final common pathway for motor response

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20
Q

Spinal basic unit motor response

A

Stretch reflex

Polysynaptic arc

Gamma loop

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21
Q

Cervical plexus

A

C 1,2,3,4

Innervate strap muscles of neck for respiration and tongue positioning

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22
Q

Phrenic neurons

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A

Not plexus

Lower motor neurons located in C3 to C5

Innervate diaphragm

23
Q

Brachial (arm) plexus

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A

C5,6,7,8 and T1

Lower motor neurons that innervate muscles of rib cage, excluding the costals

24
Q

Lumbrosacral plexus

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A

Lumbar plexus - L2,3,4

Sacral plexus - L4,5 and S1,2,3,4

Lower motor neurons that innervate abdominal muscles

25
12 thoracic nerves
Not a plexus Lower motor neurons that innervate costal muscles for breathing T1-T11 serve external and internal intercostals T12 serves subcostal
26
Brainstem encephalonic divisions
Mesencephalon (midbrain) Metencephalon (pons) Mylencephalon (medulla)
27
Specialized brainstem nuclei medulla level
Vestibular nuclei - gives strength to extensor pattern, part of pyramidal tract's course toward LMN using stretch reflex and reflex arc pathways Pyramidal system
28
Specialized brainstem nuclei pons level
Reticular nuclei (reticular formation) - attending and be alerting function using gamma motor neuron and internuncial pools to activate LMN Extrapyramidal
29
Specialized brainstem nuclei midbrain level
Red nuclei - excitatory and inhibitory functions with influence from basal ganglia and extrapyramidal tracts. Using gamma motor neuron and internuncial pools to activate LMN Substantia Nigra - inhibitory for basal ganglia influences, dark pigmented fibers Extrapyramidal system
30
Ascending fiber tracts
Lemniscus or tracts Medial lemniscus Spinal lemniscus Spinotectal tract
31
Medial lemniscus
Dorsal column tracts (gracilis and cuneatus) Discriminative touch, proprioception, vibration Travels: synapse on gracilis and cuneatus neurons of medulla at inferior olivary nucleus level Through pons and midbrain To thalamus
32
Spinal leminiscus
3 spinothalamic tracts Travel: Synapse in medulla neurons near inferior olivary nucleus of medulla Through pons and midbrain To thalamus
33
Spinotectal tract (travel)
Travels: Synapse in medulla neurons near inferior olivary nucleus of medulla Through pons To midbrain
34
Spinocerebellar and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts (travel)
Only two orders Synapse neurons of upper medulla To inferior peduncle of cerebellum
35
Two major descending tracts
Pyramidal (more direct) - patterns of movement Extrapyramidal (more indirect) - posture and tone of movement
36
Pyramidal tract (components)
Two components: corticobulbar tract (brainstem) - travels bilaterally Corticospinal tract (spinal cord) - travels contralaterally with crossing at medulla pyramids
37
Extrapyramidal tract (travel & tracts)
Passes through specialized nuclei in brainstem forming: Rubrobulbar and rubrospinal tracts (from red nuclei of midbrain) Tectospinal tract (influence from midbrain nuclei)
38
12 Cranial nerves
``` C1-olfactory CII-optic CIII-oculomotor CIV-trochlear CV-trigeminal CVI-abducens CVII-facial CVIII-acoustic CIX-glossopharyngeal CX-vagus CXI-accessory/spinal accessory CXII-hypoglossal ```
39
Cranial nerves mnemonic
On occasion our trusty truck acts funny, a good vehicle any how
40
Non-speech cranial nerves
1 - olfactory 2 - optic 3 - oculomotor (gaze accommodation) 4 - trochlear (down and out eye motions) 6 - abducens (lateral eye movement; shifty eyes)
41
Speech cranial nerves
5 - trigeminal (sensory: face, motor: jaw, tongue, chewing) 7 - facial (sensory: tongue and soft palate, motor: face and stapedius) 8 - acoustic (sensory: hearing and balance, motor: efferent inhibition on hearing) 9 - glossopharyngeal (sensory: tonsils, pharynx, soft palate, motor: pharynx and stylopharyngeus) 10 - vagus (sensory: ear, pharynx, larynx, viscera, motor: phonation and swallowing) 11 - spinal accessory (motor: pharynx, larynx, soft palate, neck, helps posture) 12 - hypoglossal (motor: extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles, some sensory fibers for tongue)
42
Vagus nerve branches
Pharyngeal Laryngeal: superior and recurrent
43
Brainstem final common pathway
Cranial nerves and the muscle fibers they innervate
44
Cerebellum location
Connected to brainstem at pons level by peduncles Superior peduncle attaches to midbrain Middle peduncle to pons Inferior peduncle to medulla
45
Flocculonodular lobe
Related to vestibular system for balance and gait control Archicerebellum
46
Cerebellum anterior surface
Related to proprioceptive system Paleocerebellum
47
Cerebellum posterior surface
Related to skilled movement with control over intention tremor Neocerebellum
48
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Input from auditory nerve, spinal cord, and medulla At medulla level
49
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Input from cortex and pons At pons level
50
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Output from cerebellum to thalamus to cortex At midbrain level
51
Cerebellum purpose
Feedback and corrective system for coordination Receives inputs from all levels of nervous system
52
Inputs to cerebellum
Brainstem - pons, reticular formation, medulla, midbrain Spinal - spinocerebellar tracts
53
Cerebellum outputs
Red nucleus Thalamus Reticular nuclei Vestibular nuclei

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