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Gen Bio I > Exam 2 Notes > Flashcards

Exam 2 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

sum of the catabolic (break down, hydrolysis. This is Krebs cycle) and anabolic (building, condensation reactions. This is photosynthesis) reactions in the body

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2
Q

1st law of thermo

A

energy is neither created nor destroyed. Energy is transformed in reactions; some is lost as heat.

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3
Q

2nd law of thermo

A

to find the total energy (enthalpy), it is usable (free energy usually 10%) + unusable (usually 90%. Is called entropy, often is heat) energy times the absolute temperature.

delta H= delta G + Delta S(T)

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4
Q

free energy (delta g)

A

Free energy is spontaneity (whether a reaction is spontaneous or not. -ve is spontaneous)

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5
Q

Total energy example (enthalpy)

A

as ATP is hydrolyzed by ATPase, some energy is released. Some is gone to move sodium and potassium and the other is usable

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6
Q

food chains are really short

A

because only 10% of energy gets transferred every time!

*Hayden has that problem IF YOU FORGET

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7
Q

Exergonic

A

energy being released

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8
Q

endergonic

A

energy is moving in

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9
Q

work

A

release energy that can be put into another system to create work. ex. is the pumps that regulate salt and water balances

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10
Q

enzymes

A

are protein catalysts

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11
Q

irreversible inhibition

A

nonpermanent binding and has a high affinity. it will not let go of the enzyme

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12
Q

reversible inhibition types

A

competitive and noncompetitive

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13
Q

competitive

A

substance has a lower affinity for the enzyme and will compete

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14
Q

noncompetitive

A

binds to the allosteric site and will change shape of the active site

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15
Q

think about the enzyme graph

A

lesson 9

don’t forget about the high energy intermediate

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16
Q

induced fit

A

enzyme hugs the substrate

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17
Q

allosteric site

A

another site on the enzyme

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18
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

will bring in 2 potassium and send out three sodium

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19
Q

hemoglobin

A

has 4 subunits and there are 2 alpha myoglobins and 2 betas (is a quaternary structure) that are opposite each other (X)
The cofactor is iron 2+ in each alpha and beta myoglobin (oxygen binds to the iron)
Cofactor: inorganic, has no carbon (can be a metal)
Prosthetic group: no amino acids in this, but it can be organic gives better stability and structure. Heme does this (made of iron and other stuff)

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20
Q

coenzyme

A

is organic, it has nonpermanent binding. Basically moves stuff around for an enzyme to bind to the substrate. Hemoglobin does not have a coenzyme

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21
Q

go draw hemoglobin

A

please

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22
Q

where does each metabolic process occur in mitochondria

A

matrix is where the Krebs is
cytoplasm is glycolysis
ETC is in the inner membrane/intermembrane space

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23
Q

ethanol and lactate have how many carbons?

A

2

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24
Q

totals for GRABOWSKI”s metabolic cycle?

A

24 ATP and 2 GTP

18 from NADH
4 from FADH
2 ATP glycolysis
2 GTP from Krebs

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25
metabolic water
results from cytochrome c oxidase
26
beta oxidation is what?
taking fats and turning into acetyl coAs. 20 c triglyceride will give you 10 c which will give you 10 turns of Krebs
27
go name all the parts of a chloroplast
see lesson 12
28
photon
Shorter wavelengths have more energy | peaks, troughs and wavelength and shorter wavelength has more energy and higher frequency
29
photosystem structure
has antennae complexs which are pigments. they keep transferring the energy until it reaches the reaction centre chlorophyll a (which has a metal)
30
pigments
Carotenoids, chlorophyll a etc.
31
light dependent reactions
water accepts electron, photon excites it at photosystem p680 or photosystem II. then it looses energy at it goes through the etc (thylakoid disk). then it gets excited again by a new photon at p700 or photosystem I. goes through ETC and at the end, all the NADP+ is accepted by NADPH reductase to NADPH happens on the surface of the thylakoid disk
32
primary electron acceptor in photosynthesis
is water and turns to o2
33
what happens if there is no light
no photosynthesis will occur
34
dark reactions location
occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
35
Calvin cycle
1. fixation (CO2 is fixed onto RuBP by Rubisco). 2. reduction: turns into 2 3PGs (reduction). then a NADP+ is made 3. regeneration of RuBP (this is where 6c sugars exit).
36
carbon fixation
taking a gas and adding it to something solid
37
temperature and Rubisco
when its cold, it uses carboxylase to fix CO2 with high affinty. when hot, it uses oxygenase and fixes oxygen with low affinity.
38
nucleosome
histone with DNA wrapped around it
39
histone
the spool protein that DNA is wrapped around
40
active DNA
is euchromatin. inactive is heterochromatin
41
cyclins
show up in cell cycle (enzymes) Cyclin (shows up in g1 phase) D and E are basically signals that tell the cell to go out of G1 to start replication ``` Cyclin A (shows up in s phase) signal to start taking 2N to make 4N (start replicating DNA)C ``` Cyclin B signals to go to mitosis from g2 to mitosis
42
oogonia
Oogonia is diploid cell that then goes through mitosis and meiosis. It [uts all the energyi into making an N cell (which then kicks out a polar body with only one dna) then it makes another N and another two polar bodies. That makes one large cell which is an egg. 1 egg and 3 polar bodies
43
Spermatogonia
Starts out as 2n then divides to make two 1N. makes 4 spermatozoan
44
synapse
Synapse is when the two chromosomes stick together and get connected
45
Chiasmata
an x shape that results from the synapse.
46
Law of independent assortment
genes on non-homologous chromosomes assort independently
47
Law of segregation
each gamete has equal change of possessing the homolog chromosome from either parent
48
Law of dominance
one trait will appear over the other trait
49
sex linkage
genes that are linked on X and Y chromosome. this is in punnet squares with just XY and X(treat)X is carrier vs X(trait)Y is mutation *watch wording. Can be child or boy/girl which changes the percentages
50
penetrance
How many people in the population have this particular gene | ex. Penetrance of the colorectal gene is 5% in America (not how many people have the disease)
51
Expressity
Degree of gene expression that differs between individuals | Mild to extreme levels of the disease
52
how to express a gene
you must turn on the gene, then you must make a protein to express the alleles Some genes turn on through temperature, light, changes in osmolarity,
53
multiple alleles
when you have multiple alleles for one gene
54
codominance
when each allele is present on the phenotype
55
incomplete dominance
when half of the dominant is made from the recessive (recessive is mixed with dominant. Ex. pink flowers for half made red pigment)
56
epistasis
1 gene is dependent on the expression of another gene | Like pigments, eye colour etc. need a depositing colour gene
57
Pleiotropy
1 allele has multiple phenotypes Genes require certain environmental factors to be turned on so identical genetic clones will still look different sometimes This is a good example of how the environment effects the organism
58
write out the cyclins and the cell cycle
please
59
what about tubulins
+ve and -ve end and where they attach
60
what happens in cytokinesis
there is a contractile ring
61
light independent reactions are on
the stroma
62
light dependent reactions are where
the thylakoid

Gen Bio I (5 decks)

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