Unit 1: Quiz Notes Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Unit 1: Quiz Notes Deck (97)
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1
Q

living systems

A
  • capture and store energy

- used for energy gathering and reproduction

2
Q

Life forms have two major functions:

A

eproduction and chemical energy capture and utilization (metabolism). The capture of chemical energy has the highest priority

3
Q

Body is taking the chemical energy, in the form of hydrogen ions and electrons from food, and convert it into

A

high energy molecules in your cells

4
Q

Carbon is

A

the basis of all living systems

And compound that has a carbon backbone is called organic

5
Q

autotrough

A

organism that generate their own food

6
Q

herbivores

A

plant eaters and are primary consumers

7
Q

Secondary consumers

A

take energy from the herbivores along with the carbon skeleton

8
Q

detrivore

A

recycles the carbon skeleton by consuming decomposing matter

9
Q

Living systems can only capture energy from other living things based on their

A

ability to extract the energy from the food

10
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that break up compounds so that the living system can extract energy

11
Q

ATP

A

Our system strips hydrogen ions and electrons from our food to produce ATP, a molecule that powers all chemical reactions in every cell

12
Q

Reduction

A

reduces the positive charge of the molecule

13
Q

`Food is oxidized to make

A

ATP

14
Q

ex of oxidation

A

Rusting is an example of oxidation, the water strips electrons from the metal

15
Q

Oxidizing agent

A

s reduced in a reaction. ex. Is halogens.

food is a reducing agent since it looses electrons

16
Q

anabolism

A

the metabolic process of building up organs and tissues. All anabolic reactions are endergonic which means that they require energy

17
Q

catabolism

A

metabolic pathway of breaking down large molecules into smaller units. These reactions are called exergonic since energy is given off. For muscle development to occur, the muscle is first catabolized then anabolized

18
Q

biomolecules

A

organic molecules that are produced by living organisms. Our bodies utilize these molecules to make energy.

19
Q

Reproduction and mutation of living systems depends on

A

master molecules (DNA)

20
Q

end goal is to have

A

genetic transfer from one generation to another

Only living systems that reproduce are successful

21
Q

DNA

A

molecular basis of chromosomes found in the nucleus. Dictates the physical and chemical expression of all living beings. Controls cell division, and is called the master controller

22
Q

Homeostatic systems regulate all living functions and require

A

hormones, enzymes, vitamins, minerals and water

23
Q

Hormones

A

are secreted by cells to control and modify various chemical reactions

24
Q

Enzymes

A

promote chemical reactions (biocatalysts)

25
Q

Essential molecules

A

chemicals that we must get from our died like vitamins, minerals etc.

26
Q

Water is a key component in cells since

A

it is the universal solvent

27
Q

Temperature will play a regulation role

A

in reactions. Lower temp = lower rate

28
Q

acidity

A

Acidity of solution will also determine the rate of reactions

29
Q

`Feedback loops maintain both

A

chemical and physical balance

30
Q

setpoint (Feedback loops)

A

overall controller

31
Q

effectors (Feedback loops)

A

execute the command from the set point

32
Q

Output(Feedback loops)

A

heart rate that is dependent on the activity of the effectors

33
Q

receptor (Feedback loops)

A

specific structures that monitor heart rate and sent that to the comparator

34
Q

comparator (Feedback loops)

A

this structure compares the heart rate output to the set point and adjusts it accordingly

35
Q

Positive feedback:

A

signal will trigger an increase in the activity

36
Q

genetics determine

A

lifespan

37
Q

life forms must have

A
Carbon
Have some dna
Cells
Reproduce
Movement
organs/organelles
Respiration
38
Q

Life has organization

A

atoms —> molecules —> cells —> tissue —> organs —> organ system —> organism
All the same cells make tissues
All the same tissues makes organsim

Organisms make up populations. Several populations make up communities which make up ecosystems. Many ecosystems make biospheres.

39
Q

Metabolism

A

Means the flow of energy
ex. Glycolysis and Krebs cycle, aerobic and anaerobic

Done by enzymes (proteins that have a function)

40
Q

Homeostasis

A

Each organism has its own level of homeostasis (ex. 50 year old will have different bp than 18 years)

41
Q

Reproduction

A

A virus can’t reproduce on its own and has no metabolism therefore they are not alive

42
Q

heredity

A

Proteins are what’s important in heredity. The way you look and the way you metabolize

43
Q

Mutations

A
Help with evolution
They are neither good nor bad
UV light messes up the DNA 
Skin goes through lots of mitosis so cells that reproduce more and more at risk for mutations
Hinders with cancer
44
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

General principles that you can apply to a situation

45
Q

inductive reasoning

A

develop the principles

Done through the scientific method

46
Q

Observations

A

(do research on what is known)—peer review (other people read your work)—>

47
Q

hypothesis

A

(usually you prove something wrong or how something is NOT wrong which is harder). A null hypothesis

48
Q

Experiments

A
Control: 
Positive
Proving something by comparing it to another thing. “If two things light up, they must be the same"
Negative
Know that its NOT something
49
Q

variables

A

things that you change

50
Q

scientific method process

A

observations
hypothesis
experiments
variables

51
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that break up compounds so that the living system can extract energy

52
Q

biomolecules

A

organic molecules that are produced by living organisms. Our bodies utilize these molecules to make energy.

53
Q

Water as a solvent

A

Its properties allow chemical reactions that are essential for life

54
Q

Water is polar

A

water molecule is bent at a 105 degree angle

Electrons are attracted to oxygen so it has a dipole

55
Q

Heat capacity

A

amount of heat energy necessary to raise or lower its temperature
Heat capacity of water minimizes sudden changes in temp

56
Q

Vaporization

A

amount of heat energy necessary to convert water from a liquid into a gaseous state. The high rate of vaporization permits cooling by evaporation, and explains the efficiency of sweating and panting. Evaporation of water is associated with heat transfer which explains its cooling property.

57
Q

salt water will (vp pressure)

A

increase vp pressure

58
Q

Surface tension

A

Hydrogen bonding of the water molecules explains the high surface tension of water which allows liquids to form shapes with minimum surface area

59
Q

Acids, bases and buffers

A

ph can denature proteins causing decrease in function.

60
Q

Intracellular

A

inside cells is intracellular space

61
Q

There are two kinds of electrolytes

A

those with a net positive charge, and those with a net negative charge

62
Q

Cellular priorities and the cell membrane

A

Certain cells like neurons and cardiac cells require a constant infusion of new water to maintain cellular chemical reactions

63
Q

The flow of water through body

A

As you drink water, it gets absorbed into the body. To reach all your cells, the water enters the circulation by way of the small intestine goes to capillary then arteries and veins.

64
Q

osmosis

A

controls the movement of water in and out of cells. Is a type of diffusion that involves molecules moving down a concentration gradient

65
Q

tonicity

A

here is a relative concentration of electrolytes and water in the cell relative to its environment

66
Q

Hypertonic

A

more electrolytes and less water.

67
Q

hypotonic

A

cell has fewer electrolytes and more water to its external environment

68
Q

isotonic

A

just the right balance

69
Q

crenation

A

cells will shrink as they loose water

70
Q

how does blood use buffer

A

Blood loses some of its water
Blood is hypertonic
Hypertonic blood causes cells to crenate
This causes secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
ADH travels to kidney
Kidney reabsorbs more water and produces less urine
Water loss is minimized

71
Q

Osmosis in plants and animals

A

In plants, osmosis is considered to be important since it is part of the explanation of how water moves from the roots to the top of the plant. The solution in the roots is hypotonic, and as a consequence, it will move to the top part of the plant that is hypertonic.

72
Q

Hyper hydration

A

too much water intake and not enough sodium (blood is hypotonic)

73
Q

interstitial space

A

space between cells

74
Q

Concentration gradient

A

gradual difference in concentration of a solution between areas of high and low concentration

75
Q

cohesive

A

sticks to itself and other water molecules

76
Q

Adhesive

A

water sticking to other substances (meniscus)

77
Q

bipolar

A

has two dipole

78
Q

As a solid, has a low density

A

which means that ice floats and that organisms can survive in lakes (freezes from top down)

79
Q

Hydrophobic “bonds” (associations)

A

anything that has a charge is polar= hydrophilic= water soluble
uncharged= non-polar= hydrophobic= lipid soluble

80
Q

Phospholipid is

A

amphipathic

81
Q
  1. Van der Waals force
A

covalent bonds

82
Q

. Water can be a buffer

A

pH: H20 —>

83
Q

go review the functional group flashcards

A

!!

84
Q

SULFHYDRYL special property

A

allows other molecules to wrap around it

85
Q

Law of mass action

A

shifts the equilibrium to go in the other way (basically le chatelier’s Principle)

86
Q

CHNOPS

A

98% of our composition is

87
Q

cation

A

+ve ion, makes hydrogen bonds

88
Q

water makes __ bonds

A

hydrogen

89
Q

Hydration shell

A

when ionic compounds have anions and cations attracted to the dipoles of water. This makes water the solvent of life

90
Q

which bonds are the strongest

A

Covalent
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds

91
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

they make a lattice that makes surface tension

Due to the weak but numerous bonds, it takes a lot of energy to go from liquid to gas. This means it has a high specific heat capacity
This means it also has a high vapour pressure since it can hold a lot of heat and requires a lot of energy to go from liquid to gas.

92
Q

buffer eon for blood

A

Co2 + h20 —>

93
Q

buffer eqn for blood

A

Co2 + h20 —>

94
Q

atomic bumber

A

protons

95
Q

mass number

A

protons + neutrons

96
Q

atomic mass

A

just mass listed in amu

97
Q

isotope notation

A

mass number, atomic number