living systems
- capture and store energy
- used for energy gathering and reproduction
Life forms have two major functions:
eproduction and chemical energy capture and utilization (metabolism). The capture of chemical energy has the highest priority
Body is taking the chemical energy, in the form of hydrogen ions and electrons from food, and convert it into
high energy molecules in your cells
Carbon is
the basis of all living systems
And compound that has a carbon backbone is called organic
autotrough
organism that generate their own food
herbivores
plant eaters and are primary consumers
Secondary consumers
take energy from the herbivores along with the carbon skeleton
detrivore
recycles the carbon skeleton by consuming decomposing matter
Living systems can only capture energy from other living things based on their
ability to extract the energy from the food
Enzymes
proteins that break up compounds so that the living system can extract energy
ATP
Our system strips hydrogen ions and electrons from our food to produce ATP, a molecule that powers all chemical reactions in every cell
Reduction
reduces the positive charge of the molecule
`Food is oxidized to make
ATP
ex of oxidation
Rusting is an example of oxidation, the water strips electrons from the metal
Oxidizing agent
s reduced in a reaction. ex. Is halogens.
food is a reducing agent since it looses electrons
anabolism
the metabolic process of building up organs and tissues. All anabolic reactions are endergonic which means that they require energy
catabolism
metabolic pathway of breaking down large molecules into smaller units. These reactions are called exergonic since energy is given off. For muscle development to occur, the muscle is first catabolized then anabolized
biomolecules
organic molecules that are produced by living organisms. Our bodies utilize these molecules to make energy.
Reproduction and mutation of living systems depends on
master molecules (DNA)
end goal is to have
genetic transfer from one generation to another
Only living systems that reproduce are successful
DNA
molecular basis of chromosomes found in the nucleus. Dictates the physical and chemical expression of all living beings. Controls cell division, and is called the master controller
Homeostatic systems regulate all living functions and require
hormones, enzymes, vitamins, minerals and water
Hormones
are secreted by cells to control and modify various chemical reactions
Enzymes
promote chemical reactions (biocatalysts)
Essential molecules
chemicals that we must get from our died like vitamins, minerals etc.
Water is a key component in cells since
it is the universal solvent
Temperature will play a regulation role
in reactions. Lower temp = lower rate
acidity
Acidity of solution will also determine the rate of reactions
`Feedback loops maintain both
chemical and physical balance
setpoint (Feedback loops)
overall controller
effectors (Feedback loops)
execute the command from the set point
Output(Feedback loops)
heart rate that is dependent on the activity of the effectors
receptor (Feedback loops)
specific structures that monitor heart rate and sent that to the comparator
comparator (Feedback loops)
this structure compares the heart rate output to the set point and adjusts it accordingly
Positive feedback:
signal will trigger an increase in the activity
genetics determine
lifespan
life forms must have
Carbon Have some dna Cells Reproduce Movement organs/organelles Respiration
Life has organization
atoms —> molecules —> cells —> tissue —> organs —> organ system —> organism
All the same cells make tissues
All the same tissues makes organsim
Organisms make up populations. Several populations make up communities which make up ecosystems. Many ecosystems make biospheres.
Metabolism
Means the flow of energy
ex. Glycolysis and Krebs cycle, aerobic and anaerobic
Done by enzymes (proteins that have a function)
Homeostasis
Each organism has its own level of homeostasis (ex. 50 year old will have different bp than 18 years)
Reproduction
A virus can’t reproduce on its own and has no metabolism therefore they are not alive
heredity
Proteins are what’s important in heredity. The way you look and the way you metabolize
Mutations
Help with evolution They are neither good nor bad UV light messes up the DNA Skin goes through lots of mitosis so cells that reproduce more and more at risk for mutations Hinders with cancer
Deductive reasoning
General principles that you can apply to a situation
inductive reasoning
develop the principles
Done through the scientific method
Observations
(do research on what is known)—peer review (other people read your work)—>
hypothesis
(usually you prove something wrong or how something is NOT wrong which is harder). A null hypothesis
Experiments
Control: Positive Proving something by comparing it to another thing. “If two things light up, they must be the same" Negative Know that its NOT something
variables
things that you change
scientific method process
observations
hypothesis
experiments
variables
Enzymes
proteins that break up compounds so that the living system can extract energy
biomolecules
organic molecules that are produced by living organisms. Our bodies utilize these molecules to make energy.
Water as a solvent
Its properties allow chemical reactions that are essential for life
Water is polar
water molecule is bent at a 105 degree angle
Electrons are attracted to oxygen so it has a dipole
Heat capacity
amount of heat energy necessary to raise or lower its temperature
Heat capacity of water minimizes sudden changes in temp
Vaporization
amount of heat energy necessary to convert water from a liquid into a gaseous state. The high rate of vaporization permits cooling by evaporation, and explains the efficiency of sweating and panting. Evaporation of water is associated with heat transfer which explains its cooling property.
salt water will (vp pressure)
increase vp pressure
Surface tension
Hydrogen bonding of the water molecules explains the high surface tension of water which allows liquids to form shapes with minimum surface area
Acids, bases and buffers
ph can denature proteins causing decrease in function.
Intracellular
inside cells is intracellular space
There are two kinds of electrolytes
those with a net positive charge, and those with a net negative charge
Cellular priorities and the cell membrane
Certain cells like neurons and cardiac cells require a constant infusion of new water to maintain cellular chemical reactions
The flow of water through body
As you drink water, it gets absorbed into the body. To reach all your cells, the water enters the circulation by way of the small intestine goes to capillary then arteries and veins.
osmosis
controls the movement of water in and out of cells. Is a type of diffusion that involves molecules moving down a concentration gradient
tonicity
here is a relative concentration of electrolytes and water in the cell relative to its environment
Hypertonic
more electrolytes and less water.
hypotonic
cell has fewer electrolytes and more water to its external environment
isotonic
just the right balance
crenation
cells will shrink as they loose water
how does blood use buffer
Blood loses some of its water
Blood is hypertonic
Hypertonic blood causes cells to crenate
This causes secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
ADH travels to kidney
Kidney reabsorbs more water and produces less urine
Water loss is minimized
Osmosis in plants and animals
In plants, osmosis is considered to be important since it is part of the explanation of how water moves from the roots to the top of the plant. The solution in the roots is hypotonic, and as a consequence, it will move to the top part of the plant that is hypertonic.
Hyper hydration
too much water intake and not enough sodium (blood is hypotonic)
interstitial space
space between cells
Concentration gradient
gradual difference in concentration of a solution between areas of high and low concentration
cohesive
sticks to itself and other water molecules
Adhesive
water sticking to other substances (meniscus)
bipolar
has two dipole
As a solid, has a low density
which means that ice floats and that organisms can survive in lakes (freezes from top down)
Hydrophobic “bonds” (associations)
anything that has a charge is polar= hydrophilic= water soluble
uncharged= non-polar= hydrophobic= lipid soluble
Phospholipid is
amphipathic
- Van der Waals force
covalent bonds
. Water can be a buffer
pH: H20 —>
go review the functional group flashcards
!!
SULFHYDRYL special property
allows other molecules to wrap around it
Law of mass action
shifts the equilibrium to go in the other way (basically le chatelier’s Principle)
CHNOPS
98% of our composition is
cation
+ve ion, makes hydrogen bonds
water makes __ bonds
hydrogen
Hydration shell
when ionic compounds have anions and cations attracted to the dipoles of water. This makes water the solvent of life
which bonds are the strongest
Covalent
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
hydrogen bonds
they make a lattice that makes surface tension
Due to the weak but numerous bonds, it takes a lot of energy to go from liquid to gas. This means it has a high specific heat capacity
This means it also has a high vapour pressure since it can hold a lot of heat and requires a lot of energy to go from liquid to gas.
buffer eon for blood
Co2 + h20 —>
buffer eqn for blood
Co2 + h20 —>
atomic bumber
protons
mass number
protons + neutrons
atomic mass
just mass listed in amu
isotope notation
mass number, atomic number