Unit 1: Quiz Notes

Question 1

living systems

Answer 1

• capture and store energy

- used for energy gathering and reproduction

Question 2

Life forms have two major functions:

Answer 2

eproduction and chemical energy capture and utilization (metabolism). The capture of chemical energy has the highest priority

Question 3

Body is taking the chemical energy, in the form of hydrogen ions and electrons from food, and convert it into

Answer 3

high energy molecules in your cells

Question 4

Carbon is

Answer 4

the basis of all living systems

And compound that has a carbon backbone is called organic

Question 5

autotrough

Answer 5

organism that generate their own food

Question 6

herbivores

Answer 6

plant eaters and are primary consumers

Question 7

Secondary consumers

Answer 7

take energy from the herbivores along with the carbon skeleton

Question 8

detrivore

Answer 8

recycles the carbon skeleton by consuming decomposing matter

Question 9

Living systems can only capture energy from other living things based on their

Answer 9

ability to extract the energy from the food

Question 10

Enzymes

Answer 10

proteins that break up compounds so that the living system can extract energy

Question 11

ATP

Answer 11

Our system strips hydrogen ions and electrons from our food to produce ATP, a molecule that powers all chemical reactions in every cell

Question 12

Reduction

Answer 12

reduces the positive charge of the molecule

Question 13

`Food is oxidized to make

Answer 13

ATP

Question 14

ex of oxidation

Answer 14

Rusting is an example of oxidation, the water strips electrons from the metal

Question 15

Oxidizing agent

Answer 15

s reduced in a reaction. ex. Is halogens.

food is a reducing agent since it looses electrons

Question 16

anabolism

Answer 16

the metabolic process of building up organs and tissues. All anabolic reactions are endergonic which means that they require energy

Question 17

catabolism

Answer 17

metabolic pathway of breaking down large molecules into smaller units. These reactions are called exergonic since energy is given off. For muscle development to occur, the muscle is first catabolized then anabolized

Question 18

biomolecules

Answer 18

organic molecules that are produced by living organisms. Our bodies utilize these molecules to make energy.

Question 19

Reproduction and mutation of living systems depends on

Answer 19

master molecules (DNA)

Question 20

end goal is to have

Answer 20

genetic transfer from one generation to another

Only living systems that reproduce are successful

Question 21

DNA

Answer 21

molecular basis of chromosomes found in the nucleus. Dictates the physical and chemical expression of all living beings. Controls cell division, and is called the master controller

Question 22

Homeostatic systems regulate all living functions and require

Answer 22

hormones, enzymes, vitamins, minerals and water

Question 23

Hormones

Answer 23

are secreted by cells to control and modify various chemical reactions

Question 24

Enzymes

Answer 24

promote chemical reactions (biocatalysts)

Question 25

Essential molecules

Answer 25

chemicals that we must get from our died like vitamins, minerals etc.

Question 26

Water is a key component in cells since

Answer 26

it is the universal solvent

Question 27

Temperature will play a regulation role

Answer 27

in reactions. Lower temp = lower rate

Question 28

acidity

Answer 28

Acidity of solution will also determine the rate of reactions

Question 29

`Feedback loops maintain both

Answer 29

chemical and physical balance

Question 30

setpoint (Feedback loops)

Answer 30

overall controller

Question 31

effectors (Feedback loops)

Answer 31

execute the command from the set point

Question 32

Output(Feedback loops)

Answer 32

heart rate that is dependent on the activity of the effectors

Question 33

receptor (Feedback loops)

Answer 33

specific structures that monitor heart rate and sent that to the comparator

Question 34

comparator (Feedback loops)

Answer 34

this structure compares the heart rate output to the set point and adjusts it accordingly

Question 35

Positive feedback:

Answer 35

signal will trigger an increase in the activity

Question 36

genetics determine

Answer 36

lifespan

Question 37

life forms must have

Answer 37

``` Carbon Have some dna Cells Reproduce Movement organs/organelles Respiration ```

Question 38

Life has organization

Answer 38

atoms —> molecules —> cells —> tissue —> organs —> organ system —> organism All the same cells make tissues All the same tissues makes organsim Organisms make up populations. Several populations make up communities which make up ecosystems. Many ecosystems make biospheres.

Question 39

Metabolism

Answer 39

Means the flow of energy ex. Glycolysis and Krebs cycle, aerobic and anaerobic Done by enzymes (proteins that have a function)

Question 40

Homeostasis

Answer 40

Each organism has its own level of homeostasis (ex. 50 year old will have different bp than 18 years)

Question 41

Reproduction

Answer 41

A virus can’t reproduce on its own and has no metabolism therefore they are not alive

Question 42

heredity

Answer 42

Proteins are what’s important in heredity. The way you look and the way you metabolize

Question 43

Mutations

Answer 43

``` Help with evolution They are neither good nor bad UV light messes up the DNA Skin goes through lots of mitosis so cells that reproduce more and more at risk for mutations Hinders with cancer ```

Question 44

Deductive reasoning

Answer 44

General principles that you can apply to a situation

Question 45

inductive reasoning

Answer 45

develop the principles | Done through the scientific method

Question 46

Observations

Answer 46

(do research on what is known)—peer review (other people read your work)—>

Question 47

hypothesis

Answer 47

(usually you prove something wrong or how something is NOT wrong which is harder). A null hypothesis

Question 48

Experiments

Answer 48

``` Control: Positive Proving something by comparing it to another thing. “If two things light up, they must be the same" Negative Know that its NOT something ```

Question 49

variables

Answer 49

things that you change

Question 50

scientific method process

Answer 50

observations hypothesis experiments variables

Question 51

Enzymes

Answer 51

proteins that break up compounds so that the living system can extract energy

Question 52

biomolecules

Answer 52

organic molecules that are produced by living organisms. Our bodies utilize these molecules to make energy.

Question 53

Water as a solvent

Answer 53

Its properties allow chemical reactions that are essential for life

Question 54

Water is polar

Answer 54

water molecule is bent at a 105 degree angle | Electrons are attracted to oxygen so it has a dipole

Question 55

Heat capacity

Answer 55

amount of heat energy necessary to raise or lower its temperature Heat capacity of water minimizes sudden changes in temp

Question 56

Vaporization

Answer 56

amount of heat energy necessary to convert water from a liquid into a gaseous state. The high rate of vaporization permits cooling by evaporation, and explains the efficiency of sweating and panting. Evaporation of water is associated with heat transfer which explains its cooling property. 

Question 57

salt water will (vp pressure)

Answer 57

increase vp pressure

Question 58

Surface tension

Answer 58

Hydrogen bonding of the water molecules explains the high surface tension of water which allows liquids to form shapes with minimum surface area

Question 59

Acids, bases and buffers

Answer 59

ph can denature proteins causing decrease in function.

Question 60

Intracellular

Answer 60

inside cells is intracellular space

Question 61

There are two kinds of electrolytes

Answer 61

those with a net positive charge, and those with a net negative charge

Question 62

Cellular priorities and the cell membrane

Answer 62

Certain cells like neurons and cardiac cells require a constant infusion of new water to maintain cellular chemical reactions

Question 63

The flow of water through body

Answer 63

As you drink water, it gets absorbed into the body. To reach all your cells, the water enters the circulation by way of the small intestine goes to capillary then arteries and veins.

Question 64

osmosis

Answer 64

controls the movement of water in and out of cells. Is a type of diffusion that involves molecules moving down a concentration gradient

Question 65

tonicity

Answer 65

here is a relative concentration of electrolytes and water in the cell relative to its environment

Question 66

Hypertonic

Answer 66

more electrolytes and less water.

Question 67

hypotonic

Answer 67

cell has fewer electrolytes and more water to its external environment

Question 68

isotonic

Answer 68

just the right balance

Question 69

crenation

Answer 69

cells will shrink as they loose water

Question 70

how does blood use buffer

Answer 70

Blood loses some of its water Blood is hypertonic Hypertonic blood causes cells to crenate This causes secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ADH travels to kidney Kidney reabsorbs more water and produces less urine Water loss is minimized

Question 71

Osmosis in plants and animals

Answer 71

In plants, osmosis is considered to be important since it is part of the explanation of how water moves from the roots to the top of the plant. The solution in the roots is hypotonic, and as a consequence, it will move to the top part of the plant that is hypertonic.

Question 72

Hyper hydration

Answer 72

too much water intake and not enough sodium (blood is hypotonic)

Question 73

interstitial space

Answer 73

space between cells

Question 74

Concentration gradient

Answer 74

gradual difference in concentration of a solution between areas of high and low concentration

Question 75

cohesive

Answer 75

sticks to itself and other water molecules

Question 76

Adhesive

Answer 76

water sticking to other substances (meniscus)

Question 77

bipolar

Answer 77

has two dipole

Question 78

As a solid, has a low density

Answer 78

which means that ice floats and that organisms can survive in lakes (freezes from top down)

Question 79

Hydrophobic “bonds” (associations)

Answer 79

anything that has a charge is polar= hydrophilic= water soluble uncharged= non-polar= hydrophobic= lipid soluble

Question 80

Phospholipid is

Answer 80

amphipathic

Question 81

7. Van der Waals force

Answer 81

covalent bonds

Question 82

. Water can be a buffer

Answer 82

pH: H20 —>

Question 83

go review the functional group flashcards

Answer 83

!!

Question 84

SULFHYDRYL special property

Answer 84

allows other molecules to wrap around it

Question 85

Law of mass action

Answer 85

shifts the equilibrium to go in the other way (basically le chatelier’s Principle)

Question 86

CHNOPS

Answer 86

98% of our composition is

Question 87

cation

Answer 87

+ve ion, makes hydrogen bonds

Question 88

water makes __ bonds

Answer 88

hydrogen

Question 89

Hydration shell

Answer 89

when ionic compounds have anions and cations attracted to the dipoles of water. This makes water the solvent of life

Question 90

which bonds are the strongest

Answer 90

Covalent Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds

Question 91

hydrogen bonds

Answer 91

they make a lattice that makes surface tension Due to the weak but numerous bonds, it takes a lot of energy to go from liquid to gas. This means it has a high specific heat capacity This means it also has a high vapour pressure since it can hold a lot of heat and requires a lot of energy to go from liquid to gas.

Question 92

buffer eon for blood

Answer 92

Co2 + h20 —>

Question 93

buffer eqn for blood

Answer 93

Co2 + h20 —>

Question 94

atomic bumber

Answer 94

protons

Question 95

mass number

Answer 95

protons + neutrons

Question 96

atomic mass

Answer 96

just mass listed in amu

Question 97

isotope notation

Answer 97

mass number, atomic number