amino acid structure
amine bonded to a c bonded to a carboxyl group
amino acid bond
peptide bond
occurs between the last carboxyl group and the first amine h
amino acid primary structure
from the genetic code ala-gly etc.
amino acid secondary structure
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
amino acid tertiary structure
helices and pleats combine
amino acid quarternary
groups of peptide chains
carbohydrates structure
can be pentose (5’ sticks out)
can be hexose (6’ sticks out)
is (ch2o)n bonded to cooh
carbohydrates bond
glycosidic linkage
occurs between the oh and oh of one. forms an -o-
carbohydrates bond types
alpha or beta linkage
maltose alpha linkage
alpha linkage glucose + glucose
cellulobiose
beta linkage glucose + glucose *indigestible
sucrose
glucose and fructose alpha linkage
lactose
glucose and galactose beta linkage
chyme
what food becomes in body
body can only absorb
monosaccarides
polysaccarides storage
plants as starch, humans as glycogen
plants make cellulose, insects make chitin
fatty acid fats structure
carboxylic acid and carbon chain
triglyceride fats structure
glycerol and 3 FA
phospholipid
phosphate and glycerol and 2 FA
cholesterol
fa that keeps membrane fluid
fats bond
ester bond happens with the carboxyl of on and other OH
nucleic acids structure
phosphate + pentose sugar + nitrogenous base
phosphate on 5’ and nictogenous base on 3’
nucleic acids base
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
purines are double ringed and Always Glow
pyramiding are AT
DNA structure
runs antiparallel
nucleic acids bond
phosphodiester bond. happens at the 3’ of the pentose sugar and the OH of the phosphate bond
phospholipid bilayer * see notes
made up of two fa
integral protein
integrated into the bilayer. amino acids inside the bilayer are nonpolar
peripheral protein
hangs out outside membrane. is charged
simple diffusion
charged and small particles can go through but mostly its uncharged particles
- does not require energy and goes from high to low
diffusion of gases diagram, * see notes
oxygen moves slower than co2 in diffusion. body will get rid of co2 and take in o2 very slowly
osmosis
movement of water from high to low
osmoles
glucose 1 mol is one osmole since it does not dissociate
CaCL2 makes 3 osmoles since it dissociates 3 times
osmotic pressure
force you have to push to stop osmosis
isotonic
equivalent solute
iso-osmotic
Solutions containing the same concentration of particles and thus exerting equal osmotic pressures are called iso-osmotic
liver is the place where
- building of plasma proteins
- deamination of amino acids (makes urea)
enzymes
They are not permanently changed during a reaction
They do not cause the reaction to occur but rather speed up the process
They can be used repeatedly
They are highly specific and act on a specific substrate
They detect differences between compounds that are extremely similar
They decrease the amount of energy needed (activation energy) for a chemical reaction to take place
factors that affect enzymes
Temperature (-ve parabola, high temp denatures) Hydrogen ion(pH) (ideal pH denatures) Substrate concentration (high substrate = high reaction rate)
go over all notes
pages 1-5`
iso-osmotic
has to do with pressure. solution outside the cell matches the tonicity of the solution inside the cell
isotonic
has to do with solute
active transport
used to create a gradient, done using atp
atp pump
atp turns to adp + pi done by a pump
sodium potassium pumps
pumps out 3N+ ions and 2K+ ions
gradient
Na+ wants to go inside, k+ wants to go inside
- this can help hypertonic/hypotonic cells
NOTE
where salt (ionic compound) goes, water follows
SOL: hypotonic
K+ will leave cell, along with cl- where it makes a salt (active transport)
- h20 will then leave cell
SOL: hypertonci
Na+ will move into the cell, CL- follows as does water
electrochemical gradient
Idek?
facilitated diffusion
AKA secondary active transport
- this requires a protein and active transport
- Na+ wants to move inside so you pair it with a molecule that wants to move inside too
facilitated diffusion proteins
cotransporter: moves something in together
exchanger protein: moves somethings in opposite directions
N and c terminus
amino acids are built from c terminus onward
metabolism is
flow of energy
inside cells
intracellular
in between cells
interstitial
review 5 properties of water
HAHA
Crenation
cells loosing water
amphipathic
both hydrophilic and phobic
functional groups
go review cards
strongest to weakest bonds
covalent, ionic and hydrogen
structure of a carbohydrate?
carbonyl
what is a 5 c sugar
DNA and RNA
6 carbon sugar
dissacarides such as sucrose and maltose
membrane proteins
integral proteins and peripheral proteins
proteins that break bonds are called
___ase ex. sucrase