Exam 2 Notes Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
shoot
A
stem and leaves, flowers and buds
2
Q
stem
A
an axis for stalks with no side structures attached, used for support and conduction
3
Q
function of stems
A
conduction of xylem and phloem
support of leaves and other above ground parts of plants
storage
photosynthesis
4
Q
origin and growth of primary tissues of stems
A
organization of short apical meristem amore complex than root
5
Q
reason of primary growth in stems
A
formation of leaves
6
Q
node of stem
A
site of attachment of leaf on stem
7
Q
internode of stem
A
area of stem where no leaves are attached
8
Q
3 basic types of organization of seed plants
A
- primary vascular tissues develop as a cylinder of discrete strands separated from one another by ground tissue
- primary vascular tissues appear as a more or less continuous hollow cylinder with ground tissues
- vascular bundle scattered throughout the ground tissue
9
Q
pith in stem
A
ground system
10
Q
pith in root
A
vascular system
11
Q
what does vascular cambium give rise to in the 2 organization of stems
A
wood
12
Q
does all 3 stem organization have a pith or cortex
A
no
13
Q
leaf trace
A
extensions of vascular bundles from vascular system in stem toward the leaves
14
Q
leaf gap
A
regions of ground tissue in vascular cylinder above area where leaf traces extend toward leaves
15
Q
modifications of stems
A
1 stolons or runners- reproductive 2 tendrils 3 thorn 4 succulent stem 5 rhizomes 6 bulbs 7 corms 8 tubers
16
Q
rhizomes stem modification
A
reproductive, below ground
17
Q
bulbs stem modification
A
storage structure, mostly leaf
18
Q
corms stem modification
A
storage mostly stem
19
Q
tubers
A
storage below ground
20
Q
secondary growth in stems
A
at start of each growing season primary growth occurs from apical meristem
additional secondary tissues are added via secondary meristems
21
Q
is secondary growth in stem dicot, monocot, or both
A
dicot only
22
Q
what are the secondary meristems
A
cork cambium and vascular cambium
23
Q
vascular cambium
A
ring of meristemic cells that adds girth to stem
cell division to the outside produces secondary phloem and to the inside is secondary xylem (wood)
24
Q
vascular rays
A
produced by vascular cambium
mostly parenchyma cells
pathways for lateral movement
storage areas
25
wood sections
cross section
radial section
tangential section
26
cross section of wood
right angle to long axis of stem or root
growth rings are arranged in concentric circles
rays radiate from center
27
radial section of wood
longitudinal cut that goes through center of stem
growth rings appear as parallel lines oriented perpendicular to rays
rays appear as sheets of cells
28
tangential section of wood
longitudinal cut that does not go through the center of stem
growth rings arranged in large irregular patterns of concentric "v's"
cut at right angle to rays, reveals width and height of rays
29
2 sections of bark
outer bark
| inner bark
30
outer bark
all tissues outside cork cambium
| non living cork
31
inner bark
tissues between cork cambium and vascular cambium
tissues are living,
secondary phloem, cortex, phelloderm
32
conifer wood
```
soft woods
homogenous in appearance (same)
few cell types (tracheids)
no vessel elements
rays only 1 cell wide
```
33
angiosperm wood
hard woods
heterogenous in appearance (different)
many cell types (tracheids, vessel elements, fibers, parenchyma)
rays in TS can be more than 1 cell wide
34
function of secondary phloem
little secondary phloem is involved in transport of food
older sieve elements become crushed
newer sieve elements replace them
35
periderm
replaces epidermis as the outer protective layer formed by cork cambium
36
cork cells
inner walls lined with suberin and wax
highly impermeable to water and gases
at maturity cork cells are dead
phelloderm cells living at maturity
37
lenticels
inner tissues of stems need to exchange gases with surrounding air
accomplished by lenticels
38
lenticels definition
holes through periderm
39
bark
all tissues outside of vascular cambium
40
leaf
structure subtends the bud
41
phyllotaxy (leaf arrangement)
whorled
opposite
alternate
42
whorled phyllotaxy
3 or more leaves per node
43
opposite phyllotaxy
2 leaves per node
44
alternate phyllotaxy
1 leaf per node
45
simple leaf
blade in one piece or section
46
complex leaf
blade in several pieces or sections (leaflets)
47
function of leaves
usually the most conspicuous organ of plant
| photosynthesis
48
what is the primary function of leaves
photosynthesis
| expose large amounts of surface area
49
mesomorphic leaf
standard leaf
50
hydromorphic leaf
grow wholly or partially submerged in water
large air spaces present (aerenchyma)
thin cuticle
51
xeromorphic leaf
```
adapted to arid habitat
features to conserve water
thick cuticle
sunken stomata
often multiple epidermis, trichomes
```
52
leaf epidermis
cells compactly arranged and transparent
covered with waxy cuticle to reduce water loss
stomata can occur on both surfaces, but usually more numerous on lower side
53
scattered stomata on leaf
dicot
54
rows of stomata on leaf
monocot
55
mesophyll
```
ground tissue in leaf
interior of leaf between epidermis layers
large numbers of intercellular spaces
large number of chloroplasts in cells
area specialized for photosynthesis
```
56
palisade parenchyma
| mesomorphic leaf
cells into column
long axis of cells at right angle to epidermis
usually on upper side of leaf
area for capturing light
57
spongy mesophyll
| mesomorphic leaf
cells are irregular in shape and arrangement
generally on lower side of leaf
much intercellular space facilitates gas exchange
58
xeromorphic leaves
palisade parenchyma can occur on both sides of leaves
59
grass leaves
mesophyll cells are very similar and usually not in palisade or spongy layers
60
dicot leaf venation
netted
61
monocot leaf venation
parallel
62
leaf veins
both xylem and phloem extend to end of vein
| phloem on lower side and xylem on upper
63
kranz (wreath) anatomy
| "warm season"
C4 photosynthesis
| large bundle sheath cells that are full of chloroplasts and closely spaced veins
64
C3 photosynthesis
| "cool season"
smaller bundle sheath cells with few chloroplasts and widely spaced veins
65
epidermis of grasses
several types of cells
| bulliform
66
bulliform
large inflated epidermal cells rolling and unrolling of leaves
67
sun and shade leaves
environmental factors, especially light, can have substantial effects on the size and thickness of leaves
68
sun leaf
small and thicker than shade leaves
due to greater development of palisade parenchyma
often multiple layers of palisade cells
69
shade leaf
large and thin
have fewer well defined mesophyll layers
have fewer chloroplasts than sun leaves
70
leaf abscission
normal separation of leaf from stem
preceded by the structural and chemical changes near base of leaf petiole
results in abscission zone
71
2 layers of leaf abscission
separation layer
| protection layer
72
separation layer
on leaf side
| cells swell and become gelatinous
73
protection layer
on stem side
| composed of heavily suberized cells
74
leaf modifications
```
tendril- support
spines- defense
food storage leaves of bulb
cabbage "head"
celery leaves and leaf stalk
bracts
insectivorous
reproductive leaves
water storage
arid leaves
bud scales
flower pot leaves
window leaves
```
75
cabbage "head" leaf modification
consists of short stem with many thick overlapping leaves
76
celery leaves and leaf stalk leaf modification
petioles become fleshy and very thick
77
bracts leaf modification
floral like leaves that from at the base of flowers or inflorescence
78
insectivorous leaf modification
insect trapping leaves
79
reproductive leaves leaf modification
asexual
80
water storage leaf modification
leaves are succulents and specialized for water storage
81
arid leaves leaf modification
sunken stomate are common, thick cuticle present
| hypodermis
82
hypodermis
layer of thickened cells below epidermis
83
bud scales leaf modification
modified leaves are small, hard, waxy to protect the delicate meristem inside
84
flower pot leaves leaf modification
leaves house ants, which bring in soil and add nitrogenous waste
adventitious roots then grow into soil
85
window leaves leaf modification
most of plant is buried in sand, end of leaves are transparent allows light to penetrate to mesophyll
86
fall colors
leaves contain several types of pigments
during the growing season chlorophyll is present in dense amounts
cooler temperatures and shorter days trigger the end of chlorophyll production
other pigments are then revealed as the leaves turn colors
87
flower
short stem with four whorls of modified leaves,
88
what is the functionof flowers
reproduction
89
flower parts
flowers may occur singular or in cluster
pedicel
peduncle
receptacle
90
cluster of flowers
inflorescent
91
pedicel
stalk of single flower in a inflorescence
92
peduncle
stalk of solitary flower or inflorescence
93
receptacle
swollen tip of stem on which flower rests
94
4 whorls of flowers
sepals
petal
androecium
gynoecium
95
sepals
sterile structures, green (usually) structures that enclose flowers when in bud, sometimes showy
96
calyx
collective term for all sepals
97
petals
sterile structures, often very colorful, pigments are important in attracting pollinators,
98
what does a monocot flower have parts in
3
99
what does a dicot flower have parts in
4 or 5
100
corolla
collective term for all petals
101
where are sepals and petals attached
below male and female parts
102
perianth
collective term for sepals and petals combined
103
androecium (house of man
collective term for "male" flower parts (stamens)
104
stamens
consists of a filament terminating in an anther
105
gynoecium (house of women)
carpels
106
carpals
main structure of flower contain ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization
107
organization of carpels
ovary
stigma
style
108
ovary
swollen base that encloses ovules
109
stigma
usually sticky and receives pollen
110
style
"neck" connecting stigma to ovary
111
carpals in flowers
may have more than one carpal
carpals are often fused into a compound ovary
usually share a common stigma and style
fused carpals are partitioned off into two or more locales (chambers containing ovules)
112
placenta
structure by which ovules are attached to the ovary walls
113
placentation
arrangement of placenta with an ovary
114
floral variation
```
perfect
imperfect
staminate
carpellate
monoecious
dioecious
incomplete
complete
```
115
what is the majority of flowers
perfect
116
perfect flower
have both stamens and carpals
117
incomplete flower
either stamens or carpals are missing
118
staminate
male structure only
119
carpellate
female structure only
120
monoecious (one house)
both staminate and carpellate flower on the same plant
121
dioecous (two houses)
sexes on separate plants
122
example of monoecious
corn
123
example of dioecous
cottonwood
124
complete flowers
have petals, sepals, carpels, and stamens
125
incomplete flowers
have at least one of the 4 whorls missing
126
ovary position in relation to flower parts
superior
| inferior
127
superior (hypogynous)
ovary is above the attachment of sepals, petals, and stamens
128
hypogynous example
tulip
129
superior (perigyonous)
some flowers have superior ovaries, but are fused together to form a cup-like structure
130
hyponthium
cuplike structure of fused together ovaries
131
perigynous example
cherry
132
inferior (epigynous)
ovary is below attachment of sepals, petals, and stamens
133
example of epigynous)
apple
134
floral symmetry
radial
bilateral
canna
135
radial floral symmetry
flowers are said to be regular or act in actinomorphic
136
example of radial flower
lily or petunia
137
bilateral floral symmetry
flowers are said to be irregular or zygomorphic
138
example of bilateral floral symmetry
pea or orchid
139
canna
no symmetry
140
corona
extra perianth whorl, interior to petals
141
pollination methods
flowering plants have over come the problem of being immobile (as adult plants) by using a variety of ways to achieve pollination, most of the methods ensure cross pollination between genetically unlike parents
142
what do flowers attract
whatever pollinates them
| sight, smell, placement, time of day,
143
types of pollination in flowers
```
insect pollination
beetle
bee and wasp
fly
orchids
moth and butterfly
bird pollination
bat pollination
slug pollination
wind pollination
water pollination
```
144
insect pollinatation
insects feed on pollen or nectar, and in process transfer pollen to other plants of same species
allows more precise transfer of pollen
145
beetle pollinated flowers
flowers are large and born singularly
beetle highly developed sense of smell
flowers are white in color but highly scented
146
bee and wasp pollinated flowers
bees eat nectar and pollen, have specialized appendages to carry pollen and have body hairs
flowers are highly showy to attract bees, usually blue or yellow, have bilateral symmetry
also may have honey guides
147
fly pollinated flowers
"carrion flower" mimic smell of rotting flesh
| showy colors or symmetry not needed here
148
orchids
have developed specific pathways into and out of flowers
insure that both stigma and anther contact pollinator
about 40% of orchids advertise a reward that's not there
some orchids mimic insect so pollinator trys to mate with it
149
moth and butterfly pollinated flowers
attracted by combo of sight and smell
butterflys attracted to orange, red, active during day
moths are commonly nocturnal, flowers are often night blooming, strong scents, usually white
150
bird pollinated flowers
produce a lot of nectar
most birds have a poor sense of smell
most of flowers have little scent, colors are important (red)
151
nectar
concentrated sugar solution thick
152
bat pollinated flowers
tropical and subtropical areas
bats feed on nectar, fruit, and pollen
produce lots of nectar
bats feed at night, night blooming
flowers might hang down on long peduncles
bats are attracted by scent, fermenting, musty
153
slug and snail pollinate flowers
feed on soft vegetation
| close to ground
154
wind pollinated flowers
dull color, no scent, no nectar, smaller or absent petals, pollen, grains are small
stigma is usually big, large, and feathery, sexes often separate
much energy is devoted to pollen production
155
water pollinated flowers
pollen can be transferred on water or under, is often thread like, can be in chains
156
benefits of animal pollinators
pollen
nectar
brood place
157
pollen
made of starch proteins, oils, primary attractant, cheap to make
158
nectar
strong sugar solution, produced in nectaries at base of carpels, rich energy source, more expensive ot make
159
brood place
lay eggs in ovary
160
fruit
have been evolved for seed dispersal
161
what is fruit
mature ovary of a flower
162
accessory fruits
might include additional tissue surrounding the ovary
163
fruit development
pericarp
exocarp
endocarp
mesocarp
164
pericarp
entire fruit wall
165
exocarp
outer,
166
mesocarp
middle
167
endocarp
inner layer
168
classification of fruit
simple
aggregate
multiple
169
simple fruit
develop from one pistil and one flower
| pistil may be simple or compound
170
aggregate fruit
develop from a number of separate pistils in a single flower
| individual parts of the aggregate fruit known as fruitlets
171
multiple fruit
consist of gynoecium of more than one flower
| may also develop from an inflorescence
172
what can you tell about a flower from a fruit
number of carpels, placentation, ovary placement
173
fruit types
fleshy
| dry
174
types of fleshy fruit
```
berry
drupe
pome
pepo
hesperidium
```
175
types of dry fruit
dehiscent
| indehiscent
176
berry
many seeded structures with slimy endocarp
| entire pericarp is fleshy
177
drupe
carpal has one seed, inner layer or endocarp is stony
178
pome
flesh develops from cup-like hypanthium that encloses ovary
| endocarp usually papery
179
pepo
fleshy fruit in which outer layer is a tough hard rind
| inner tissues are soft
180
hesperidium
modification of berry, outer layer is leathery, usually contains aromatic oils
181
dehiscent fruit
fruit wall breaks open at maturity to release seeds
182
types of dehiscent fruit
follicle
legume
capsule
silique
183
follicle
splits down 1 side at maturity
184
legume
splits down 2 sides at maturity
185
capsule
more than 2 side of dehiscence
186
silique
formed by 2 fused carpels
| 2 sides of fruit split from a persistent central portion
187
silique
long and thin
188
silicle
shorter and thicker
189
indehiscent
seeds remain in fruit after fruit has been shed
190
types of indehiscent fruit
```
achene
samara
cypsela
caryopsis
nut
schizocarp
```
191
achene
single seed lies free in cavity except for attachment at one end
192
samara
winged achene, pericarp winged
193
cypsela
modification of achene, non ovarian (accessory parts included)
194
caryopsis (grain)
seed coat is firmly, united for fruit wall
195
nut
contains only one seed pericarp is hard and thick
196
schizocarp
fruit splits apart at maturity, into 2 or more indehiscent portions
197
fruit and seed dispersal
wind borne
water borne
animal borne fruits and seeds (eaten)
animal borne fruits and sees (carried)
198
wind borne
light and become easily air borne
often wings or silky extensions
tumbleweeds
some plants are self propulsion to shoot seed out of fruits
199
water borne
adapted to float
| can be a waxy covering over seed
200
animal borne ( eaten)
usually highly colored, fruits are eaten, seeds pass through GI tract of animal
additional benefit partial digestion might help germination by weakening fruit wall or seed coat
201
what happens to animal born fruits and seeds (eaten) at maturity
sugar content rises, tannin decreases, fruit softens, color changes from green to yellow, red, blue or black
202
animal born seeds and fruits (carried)
other fruits are spread by adhering to fur or feathers have hooks, barbs, or spines.
