Notes Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
botany
A
scientific study of plants
2
Q
what does botany include
A
anatomy, physiology, taxonomy, ecology,
can include photosynthetic protists, fungi, bacteria, and cynobacteria
3
Q
what do we get from plant
A
food, O2, cotton, paper, wood, medicine (photoalexing), aspirin, opiates, salve (aloe), coffee, tea, chocolate, tobacco, water, alcohol, perfumes, shade, prevent erosion, soap, dyes, fossil fuels
4
Q
when did botany become specialized
A
past 3 centuries
5
Q
subdivisions of botany
A
physiology, ecology, anatomy, morphology, taxonomy, systematics, evolution, genetics, paleontology, pharmacology, molecular biology, cells biology, histology, conservation, geobiology, pathology, biotechnology, genomics, horticulture, forestry, range management,
6
Q
what does botany not include
A
mycology, phycology,
7
Q
cell theory
A
1- all organisms are made of 1 or more cells
2- cells are the fundamental units of structure, function & organization, cells are the smallest unit of life, nothing smaller than cell can be alive
3- new cells come from preexisting cells
8
Q
what makes up plant cell
A
1- protoplast
2- cell wall
cell wall and plasma membrane and its contents
9
Q
what is in protoplast
A
1- plasma membrane
2- nucleus
3- vacuole
4- cytoplasm
10
Q
plasma membrane
A
forms boundary at outer edges of protoplast, regulates entry & exit of material, coordinates synthesis of cell wall, interprets signals from outside of cell
11
Q
nuclues
A
controls cell activity by directing protein synthesis, contains DNA
12
Q
vacuole
A
central, greater than 90% of cell volume, full of water, pigments, salts, organic solutes, toxins
13
Q
cytoplasm
A
region of cell exterior of nucleus, vacuole & interior to plasma membrane
14
Q
what does cytoplasm include
A
numerous organelles that are suspended in fluid cytosol
15
Q
what are some organelles in the cytoplasm
A
golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, ribosomes, ER, chloroplasts, microbodies
16
Q
cell wall
A
cellulose and additional polysaccharides like hemicellulose and pectins
17
Q
what is a major component of plant cells
A
cellulose
18
Q
do cells always have a primary cell wall
A
yes
19
Q
what is between 2 cells
A
middle lamella
20
Q
what is middle lamella
A
area between 2 cells and composed of pectin substances
21
Q
hole
plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic
A
connection between cells
22
Q
secondary cell walls
A
not always present
interior to primary cell wall, after cell quits growing & very rigid, has lignin
23
Q
what does lignin provide
A
structure, adds strength to cells, especially xylem
24
Q
pit
A
area
opening that lacks secondary cell wall but primary cell wall present
25
what are the 2 types of cell division
mitosis
| meiosis
26
mitosis
eukaryotes, results in exact copies
27
meiosis
eukaryotes, daughter cells 1/2 ploidy level, & genetically unique
can involve cells of any ploidy level
28
what does meiosis lead to in animals
gamates
29
what does meiosis lead to in plants
spores
30
general cell types of plants
parenchyma
callenchyma
sclerenchyma
31
paranchyma
make paranchyma tissue, occur in plants as continuous masses, mast abundant and versatile cells in plants
32
paranchyma characteristics
unthickened primary cell wall, living at maturity capable of cell division involved in photosynthesis
33
what are parenchyma cells involved in
involved in photosynthesis, storage and secretion
34
collenchyma
collencyma tissue, give structure, support, usually occur under epidermis in stems and in leaf petioles
35
characteristics of collenchyma
unevenly thickened primary cell wall, living at maturity, walls can stretch, support young growing structures of flower and leaves
36
sclerenchyma
usually lack protoplasts at maturity (most type non living)
not flexible, no more growth is possible
fibers and sclerids
37
characteristics of sclerenchyma
thick, often lignified secondary wall
38
what is sclerenchyma important in
strengthening element in plant parts that have reached mature size
39
fibers
long, skinny slender occur in strands or bundles
40
sclerids
short, stout, variable in shape
41
meristems
activate cell division in plants
42
primary growth
growth that results from cell division
43
in primary meristem where does growth occur
apical meristem of root and shoots, results in lengthening or roots and shoots
44
apical meristem
primary meristem- tissue system- tissues
protoderm- dermal- epidermis
ground meristem- ground- parenchyma, sclernchyma, cotex, callenchyma, mesophyll, pith
procambian- vascular- primary xyleum, primary phloem
45
what do meristems contain
cells that able to divide repeatedly
46
what does plant growth include
both cell division and cell enlargement
47
primary
occurs first
48
secondary
occurs second
49
primary growth
growth from cell division in primary meristem
| lengthening of plant part
50
secondary growth
growth from cell division in a secondary meristem
| thickening of plant part
51
primary cell wall
laid down around all plant cells
52
secondary cell wall
thick cell wall laid to interior of primary cell wall
53
tissues
groups of cells that perform a common function
54
what can a tissue do that cells cannont
perform functions
55
tissue systems
ground tissue, vascular, dermal
56
ground tissue system
bulk of plant body
| pith of stem, cortex of stem and root, mesophyll of leaf
57
vascular tissue system
used for transport
xylem
phloem
58
xylem
transports water up
principle water conducting tissue in plants, also involved in mineral conduction and support
secondary cell wall, strong, plants first get big
59
what are the principal conduction cells of xylem
vessel elements
| tracheids
60
vessel elements
perforation,
| opening, no cell wall
61
tracheids
no perforation, has pits, tapered ends
| long and narrow
62
phloem
transports food thru plant
principal food conducting tissue in vascular plants
transports products of photosynthesis (sugars) disolved in water
63
what are the principal cell types of phloem
sieve tube elements
| companion cells
64
sieve tube elements
living, tube like
65
companion cells
gives metabolic functions to sieve tube elements
66
cells of epidermis
```
unspecialized tabloid cells
guard cells, subsidiary cells
trichomes (epidermal hairs)
may be several layers thick
multiple epidermis is thought to serve as water storage tissue
```
67
guard cells
regulate opening and closing of stomata
68
stomated
often associated with epidermal cells called subsidiary cells
69
are subsidiary cells always present with guard cells
no
70
function of trichomes (leaf hairs)
reduce water loss, increase reflection of solar radiation, may provide defense against insects
71
dermal tissue system
primary- epidermis
| secondary- periderm
72
epidermis
outermost layer of cells of the primary plant body, covers plant
73
function of dermal tissue system
protection against herbivores, absorption of water and minerals (roots, secretion of cuticle, prevent water loss (shoots), control gas exchange
74
secondary growth
results in thickening of stems and roots
| produced by secondary meristems
75
what makes up the secondary plant body
vascular cambian, cork cambian
76
what does a seed consist of
seed coat, embryo, stored food (biggest variable)
77
mature embryo and see
embryo consists of stem-like axis with cotyledons
78
what are cotyledons
seed leaves of young plant
79
monocot
one cotyledon
80
dicot
two cotyleons
81
embryonic structures
epicotyl
plumule
hypocotyl
radicle
82
epicotyl
embryonic stem above cotyledons
83
plumule
embryonic shoot
84
hypoctyl
embryonic stem below cotyldons
85
radicle
embryonic root
86
what are cotyledon of dicot embryos usually
fleshy
87
do dicot cotyledons occupy most of see
yes
88
what is the function of monocot cotyldon
food storage
photosynthetic organ
absorbing structure
89
what has the most highly developed embryo of monocots
gasses
90
what do grasses possess
massive cotyledon called scutellum
91
scutellum functions
absorption of food stored in endosperm
92
seed coat
all seeds are enclosed
| varies from papery to extremely tough
93
purpose of seed coat
protect enclosed embryo and stored food
94
micropyle
opening through which pollen tube entered ovule of flower, visible in seed coat as a small pore commonly associated with scar called hilum
95
embryo formation
begins with division of zygote
at lower end, a stalk-like suspensor develops
anchors embryo and absorbs nutrients
96
globular stage of embryo development
embryo develops into a nearly spherical structure
| undifferentiated cells at first, primary meristem later forms
97
cotyledon development
| "heart shaped stage"
in dicots globular stage begins to develop into 2 lobed form
98
"torpedo stage"
development continues, cotyledon and embryo elongate, embryo becomes curved
99
during embryo development does nutrients move from parent to tissue ovule
yes
100
what happens after the stop of the movement of nutrients to seed
placenta (point of attachment) separates from ovary
101
what happens after placenta separates from ovary
seed becomes desiccated and goes into dormancy
| see coat hardens
102
requirements for germination
resumption of embryonic growth called germination
103
what does germination depend on
water, oxygen, temperature, light
104
what seeds require exposure to light to germinate
small seeds like lettuce
105
dormant seeds
fail to germinate even when conditions are favorable
106
what is dormancy great for
great value to survival value to plant
| ensures favorable conditions for germination
107
what is the first structure to emerge from the seed
radicle or embryonic root
108
what does the radicle allow
for seedling to become anchored in soil and begin absorbing water
109
what is the first root called
primary root
110
epigeous germination
cotyledon is above ground
111
what is considered plumule
anything above ground
112
castor beans
epigeous, dicot, food stored in endosperm
| seed coat poisonus
113
hypogeous
cotyledon stays below ground
114
pea
hypogeous, dicot,
115
shoot emergence in monocots
onion, epigious, singular tubular cotyledon forms the hook, cotyledon is also photosynthetic
116
corn
hypogeous, radicle is covered by coleorhiza breaks through, coleoptile reaches soil, 1st leaves of plumule emerge
117
root
hidden half
| underground portion of plants
118
root functions
anchorage and absorption of water and minerals
nutrient storage, produce hormones
some modified for support, aeration, propagation, and parasitism
119
2 types of root systems
taproot
| fibrous
120
what is the first root of a plant called
primary root
121
what does primary root become in gymnosperms and dicots
taproot
122
what does primary root become in monocots
short lived, has fibrous root system
123
adventitious root
develop at the base of stem, gives rise to fibrous root system,
124
fibrous root system
forms extensive mass of similarly sized roots
125
adventitious root
roots that grow from somewhere other than another root (from stem or leaves)
126
origin and growth of primary root tissues
tip of root is covered by root cap
127
root cap
sleeve like mass of cells that protects the growing tip has mucigel and senses gravity
128
mucigel
lubricates root as it passes through soil, protects root from desiccation
129
root parts
procambium- middle
ground meristem (cortex)- around middle
apical meristem- tip of root
protoderm- outer layer of root
130
growth regions of root
at tip- apical meristem- region of cell division
| beyond (rod) is region of elongation, beyond (roe) is region of maturation
131
apical meristem in root
gives rise to new root cells,
132
primary regions of roots
internally relatively simple due to absence of leaves (no nodes or internodule)
133
epidermis
in young roots, absorbs water and minerals
| aided by root hairs
134
root hairs
tubular extensions of epidermal cells that increase absorptive surface area
135
where is root hairs confined to
region of maturation
136
cortex
occupies greatest part of root
cells store starch and other substances
numerous intercellular spaces in cortex
137
what is the inner layer of the cortex called
endodermis
138
endodermis
universal arrangement of cells, compact arrangement of cells (inner wall thickened
139
what do some cells have in the root
exodermis
140
exodermis
outer layers of cortex, compact arrangement of cells
141
vascular cylinder (stele)
consists of vascular tissue and pericycle
142
pericycle
origin of lateral roots
| contributes to vascular cambium in roots with secondary growth
143
vascular cylinder in dicots
solid core of primary xylem, ridge like projections of xylem extend toward pericycle
between xylem ridges are strands of primary phloem
144
vascular cylinder in monocots
center of vascular cylinder occupied by pith, xylem not in ridges as in dicots, phloem alternates with xylem
145
secondary growth
secondary growth in roots & (stems) consists of the formation of secondary xylem and secondary phloem
146
where does secondary phloem and secondary xylem come from
vascular cambium
147
where does periderm come from
cork cambium
148
secondary growth in roots
vascular cambium between primary xylem and primary phloem produces secondary xylem inside and secondary phloem outside
primary xylem and primary phloem separated by secondary growth
149
periderm
cork (produced to outside)
cork cambium (secondary meristem)
phelloderm ( produced to inside)
150
what does periderm do
replaces epidermis as protective covering
151
lenticels
portions of periderm that allow gas exchange between roots and surrounding soil
152
origin of lateral roots
arises in pericycle
| develops root cap and apical meristem prior to emerging from parent root
153
aerial roots
adventitious root produced from above ground structures
154
what does roots require for respiration
oxygen
155
how do plants deal with the need for oxygen in wetlands
form aerenchyma to ventilate submerged tissues
| some develop roots that grow up out of water
156
pneumatophores
roots that grows up out of water to provide aeration
157
special root adaptations
contractile roots
epiphytes
parasitism
buttress roots
158
contractile roots
shorten to pull bulb into ground
159
epiphytes
grow on other plants, but are not parasitic on them
160
parasitism
haustoria
161
buttress roots
help provide support for large trees
162
adaptations for food storage
most roots are storage organ for nutrients
| some storage roots are fleshy because of an abundance of storage parenchyma
163
mutualism
species interaction where both species benefit
164
what is a type of mutualism
mycorrhiza (fungus root)
165
mycorrhiza
roots must form a mutualistic relationship with fungi because it aids plant in water and mineral absorption
166
two types of mycorrhiz
endo-inside plant cells
| exo- outside plant cells
167
what is a root nodules
bacteria reduce nitrogen so plant can use it
