Lab Vocab Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
agriculture
A
the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products
2
Q
autotroph
A
an organism that is able to synthesize the nutritive substances it requires from inorganic substances in the environment
3
Q
cereal
A
any grass cultivated (grown) for the edible components of its grain composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran
4
Q
crop
A
a cultivated plant that is grown as food, especially a grain, fruit, or vegetable
5
Q
domestication
A
the cultivation of a plant for food
6
Q
essential amino acid
A
Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body. As a result, they must come from food
7
Q
grass
A
vegetation consisting of typically short plants with long, narrow leaves, growing wild or cultivated on lawns and pasture, and as a fodder crop
8
Q
herb
A
a nonwoody seed plant with a relatively short lived aerial portion
9
Q
heterotroph
A
an organism that cannot manufacture organic compounds and so must feed on organic materials that have originated in other plants and animals
10
Q
legume
A
a member of the Fabacaeae. the pea or bean family, a type of dry simple fruit that is derived from one carpel and opens along both sides
11
Q
spice
A
an aromatic or pungent vegetable substance used to flavor food, e.g. cloves, pepper, or cumin
12
Q
“bundle cap” of fibers
A
layer of sclerenchyma or thickened parenchyma cells at the tip of a vascular bundle
13
Q
cell
A
the structural unit of organisms; in plants, cells consists of the cell wall and protoplast
14
Q
cell wall
A
the rigid outmost layer of the cells found in plants, some protists, and most prokaryotes
15
Q
collenchyma
A
a supporting tissue composed of collenchyma cells; common in regions of primary growth in stems and some leaves
16
Q
companion cell
A
a specialized parenchyma cell associated with a sieve-tube element in angiosperm phloem and arising from the same mother cell as the sieve-tube element
17
Q
cuticle
A
waxy or fatty layer on outer wall of epidermal cells, formed of cutin and wax
18
Q
dermal tissue system
A
the outer covering tissue of the plant; the epidermis of the periderm
19
Q
epidermis
A
the outermost layer layer of cells of the leaf and a young stems and roots; primary in origin
20
Q
fiber
A
an elongated, tapering, generally thick-walled sclerenchyma cell of vascular plants; its walls may or may not be lignified; it may or may not have a living protoplast at maturity
21
Q
ground meristem
A
the primary meristem, or meristematic tissue, that gives rise to the ground tissues
22
Q
ground tissue system
A
all tissues other than the epidermis (or periderm) and the vascular tissues; also called fundamental tissue system
23
Q
guard cell
A
pairs of specialized epidermal cells surrounding a pore, or stoma; changes in the turgor of a pair of guard cells cause opening and closing of the pore
24
Q
meristem
A
embryonic issue regions, primarily concerned with formation of new cells
25
ontogeny
the development, or life history, of all or part of an individual organism
26
organ
a structure composed of different tissues, such as root, stem, leave, or flower parts
27
parenchyma
a tissue composed of parenchyma cells
28
phloem
the food-conducting tissue of vascular plants, which is composed of sieve elements, various kinds of parenchyma cells, fibers, and sclerids
29
plant body
consists of the shoot system (leaves, buds, stems, flowers and fruits) and the root system (roots). Each organ is made up of cells organized into tissue systems: dermal, vascular and ground
30
primary cell wall
the wall layer deposited during the period of cell expansion
31
primary growth
in plants, growth originating in the apical meristems of shoots and roots, as contrasted with secondary growth
32
primary meristem
a tissue derived from the apical meristem; of three kinds: protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem
33
primary plant body
the part of the plant body arising from the apical meristems and their derivative meristematic tissues; composed entirely of primary tissues
34
protoderm
primary meristematic tissue that gives rise to epidermis
35
protoplast
the protoplasm of an individual cell; in plants, the units of protoplasm inside the cell wall
36
sclereid
a sclerenchyma cell with a thick, lignified secondary wall having many pits. sclerids are variable in form but typically not very long; the may or may not be living a maturity
37
sclerenchyma
a supporting tissue composed of sclerenchyma cells, including fibers and sclerids
38
secondary cell wall
innermost layer of cell wall, formed in certain cells after cell elongation has ceased; secondary walls have a highly organized microfibrillar structure
39
secondary growth
in plants, growth derived from secondary or lateral meristems, the vascular cambium and cork cambium; secondary growth results in an increase in girth, and is contrasted with primary growth, which results in an increase in length
40
secondary meristem
a meristem that develops from cells that have differentiated and functioned as part of a mature tissue system and then become meristematic again
41
sieve tube element
one of the components of a sieve tube; found primarily in flowering plants and typically associated with a companion cell; also called sieve-tube member
42
stomate (stoma)
a minute opening, bordered by guard cells, in the epidermis of leaves and stems through which gases pass; also used to refer to the entire stomatal apparatus- the guard cells plus the included pore
43
subsidiary cell
an epidermal cell morphologically distinct from other epidermal cells an associated with a pair of guard cells; also called accessory cell
44
tissue
a group of similar cells organized into a structural and functional unit
45
tissue system
a tissue or group of tissues organized into a structural and functional unit in a plant or plant organ. there are three tissue systems: dermal, ground and vascular
46
tracheary element
the general term for a water-conducting cell in vascular plants; tracheids and vessel elements
47
tracheid
an elongated, thick-walled conducting and supporting cell of xylem. it has tapering ends and pitted walls without perforations, as contrasted with a vessel element. found in nearly all vascular plants
48
trichome
an outgrowth of the epidermis, such as a hair, scale, or water vesicle
49
vascular bundle
a strand of tissue containing primary xylem and primary phloem (and procambium if still present) and frequently enclosed by a bundle sheath of parenchyma or fibers
50
vascular tissue system
comprised of the xylem and the phloem, the main transport systems of plants. They typically occur together in vascular bundles in all plant organs, traversing roots, stems, and leaves
51
vessel element
one of the cells composing a vessel; also called vessel member
52
xylem
a complex vascular tissue through which most of the water and minerals of a plant are conducted; characterized by the presence of tracheary elements
53
caryopsis
simple, dry one- seeded indehiscent fruit with the pericarp firmly united all around the seed coat; a grain characteristic of the grasses
54
coleoptile
the sheath enclosing the apical meristem and leaf primordia of the grass embryo; often interpreted as the first leaf
55
coleorhiza
the sheath enclosing the radicle in the grass embryo
56
cotyledon
seed leaf; generally absorbs food in the monocotyledons and stores food in other angiosperms
57
dicot
obsolete term used to refer to all angiosperms other than monocotyledons; characterized by having two cotyledons
58
embryo
a young sporophytic plant, before the start of a period of rapid growth
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embryogenesis
development of tan embryo from a fertilized egg, or zygote;
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embryonic axis
embryonic "shoot" and "root" develop as well; taken together,
61
endosperm
a tissue, containing stored food, that develops from the union of a male nucleus and the polar nuclei of the central cell; it is digested by the growing sporophyte either before or after the maturation of the seed; found only in angiosperms
62
epicotyl
the upper portion of the axis of an embryo or seedling, above the cotyledons (seed leaves) and below the next leaf of leaves
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epigeous
type of seed germination in which the cotyledons are carried above the ground
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foliage leaf
a normal leaf, as opposed to petals and other modified leaves
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funiculus
brownish carotenoid found in brown algae and chrysophytes
66
germination
the beginning or resumption of growth by a spore, seed, bud or structure
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globular stage
he embryos continued spherical expansion. In addition, oblong embryos continued axial growth, without the introduction of cotyledons
68
heart-shaped stage
transition period where the cotyledons finally start to form and elongate. It is given this name in eudicots because most plants from this group have two cotyledons, giving the embryo a heart shaped appearance. The shoot apical meristem is between the cotyledons
69
hilum
round scar on the seed. it is found on the concave side of a bean and represents the point of attachment between the seed and the fruit which it developed
70
hypocotyl
the portion of an embryo or seedling situated between the cotyledons and the radicle
71
hypogeous
type of seed germination in which the cotyledons remain underground
72
lateral roots
a root that arises from another, older root;
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leaf
the principal lateral appendage of the stem; highly variable in both structure and function; the foliage leaf is specialized as a photosynthetic organ
74
mesocotyl
the internode between the scutellar node and the coleoptile in the embryo and seedling of grasses
75
micropyle
small circular scar found on the other side of the hilum (opposite of the raphe). marks the opening where the pollen tube entered the ovule during fertilization and it serves as an entry point for water during germination of the seed
76
monocot
a plant whose embryo has one cotyledon; one of the wo great classes of angiosperms, Monocotyledons
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plumule
the first bud of an embryo; the portion of the young shoot above the cotyledons
78
primary root
the first root of the plant; developing in continuation of the root tip or radicle of the embryo; taproot
79
radicle
the embryonic root
80
raphe
small projection or ridge at one end of the hilum, this is a remnant of the stalk that attached the seed to the fruit, but is not always present
81
scutellum
the single cotyledon of a grass embryo, specialized for absorption of the endosperm
82
seed
a structure formed by the maturation of the ovule of seed plants following fertilization
83
seed plant
a plant that produces seeds, as opposed to one that produces spores
84
seed leaf
embryonic leaf formed by a seedling. It may remain in the ground when the seed germinates, or it could form a pair of initial proto-leaves that help provide photosynthesis during early life
85
suspensor
a structure at the base of the embryo in many vascular plants. in some plants, it pushes the embryo into nutrient rich tissue of the female gametophyte
86
torpedo stage
parts of the suspensor complex must be terminated. The suspensor complex is shortened because at this point in development most of the nutrition from the endosperm has been utilized, and there must be space for the mature embryo
87
aerial root
oots above the ground. They are almost always adventitious. They are found in diverse plant species, including epiphytes such as orchids (Orchidaceae), tropical coastal swamp trees such as mangroves, banyan figs
88
anchcorage
condition of being secured to a base
89
apical meristem
the meristem at the tip of the root or shoot in a vascular plant
90
bacteroid
an enlarged, deformed cell found in root nodules; capable of nitrogen fixation
91
buttress root
wide roots on all sides of a shallowly rooted tree. Typically, they are found in nutrient-poor tropical forest soils that may not be very deep. They prevent the tree from falling over (hence the name buttress) while also gathering more nutrients
92
cellulose
a carbohydrate; the chief component of the cell wall in plants and some protists; an insoluble complex carbohydrate formed of microfibrils of glucose molecules attached end to end
93
cork cambrium
the lateral meristem that forms the periderm, producing cork (phellem) toward the surface (outside) of the plant and phelloderm toward the inside; common in stems and roots of gymnosperms and woody angiosperms
94
cortex
ground-tissue region of a stem or root bounded externally by epidermis and internally by the vascular system; a primary-tissue region; also used to refer to the peripheral region of a cell protoplast
95
endodermis
a single layer of cells forming a sheath around the vascular region in roots and some stems; the endodermal cells are characterized by a Casparian strip within radial and transverse walls. in roots and stems of seed plants, the endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex.
96
epiphyte
an organism that grows upon another organism but is not parasitic on it
97
epidermis
the outermost layer of cells of the leaf and of young stems and roots; primary and origin
98
exodermis
the outer layer, one or more cells in depth, of the cortex in some roots; these cells are characterized by Casparian strips within the readial and transverse walls, following development of Casparian strips, a suberin lamella is deposited on all walls of the exodermis.
99
fibrous root system
usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots growing from the stem. A fibrous root system is universal in monocotyledonous plants and ferns. The fibrous root systems look like a mat made out of roots when the tree has reached full maturity
100
haustorium
a projection of a fungal hypha that functions as a penetrating and absorbing organ; in parasitic angiosperms, a modified root capable of penetrating and absorbing materials from host tissues.
101
hyphae
a single tubular filament of a fungus, oomycete, or chytrid; the hyphae together comprise the mycelium
102
lenticel
spongy areas in the cork surfaces of stem, roots, and other plant parts that allow interchange of gases between internal tissues and the atmosphere through the periderm; occur in vascular plants
103
mutualism
the living of two or more organisms in an association that is mutually advantageous
104
mycorrhizae
a symbiotic association between certain fungi and plant roots; characteristic of most vascular plants
105
nitrogen fixing bacteria
soil bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds
106
nodule
enlargement or swellings on the roots of legumes and certain other plants inhabited by symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria
107
pericycle
a tissue characteristic of roots that is bounded externally by the endodermis and internally by the phloem
108
periderm
outer protective tissue that replaces epidermis when it is destroyed during secondary growth; includes cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm
109
pith
the ground tissue occupying the enter of the stem and root within the vascular cylinder; usually consists of parenchyma
110
pneumatophore
negatively gravitropic extensions of the root systems of some trees growing in swampy habitats; they grow upward and out of the water and probably function to ensure adequate aeration
111
primary phloem
phloem that forms from the procambium during the primary growth. The primary growth is responsible for the growth in length in plants. The procambium is a meristematic tissue that enables the primary growth of a plant
112
primary xylem
xylem that is formed during the primary growth from procambium of apical meristems.
113
procambium
a primary meristematic tissue that gives rise to primary vascular tissues
114
prop root
adventitious roots arising from the stem above soil level and helping to support the plant; common in many monocots, for example maize
115
region of cell division
closest to the root tip and is made up of the actively-dividing cells of the root meristem, which contains the undifferentiated cells of the germinating plant
116
region of elongation
where the newly-formed cells increase in length, thereby lengthening the root. Beginning at the first root hair is the zone of cell maturation where the root cells differentiate into specialized cell types
117
region of maturation
Matured cells differentiate into various tissues like root hairs and permanent region
118
root
the usually descending axis of a plant, normally below ground, which serves to anchor the plant and to absorb and conduct water and minerals into it
119
root cap
a thimble like mass of cells that covers and protects the growing tip of a root
120
root hair
tubular outgrowths of epidermal cells of the root; greatly increase the absorbing surface of the root
121
root hair zone
small thread like parts of the root. Root hair zone: part of the root on which are located the root hairs that absorbs water and nutrients
122
secondary phloem
phloem that forms from the vascular cambium during the secondary growth. The secondary growth is responsible for the growth in girth in plants, especially trees. The vascular cambium is the meristematic tissue involved in this type of growth
123
secondary xylem
refers to the formation that occurs after the vascular cambium's secondary growth
124
stele
the central cylinder, inside the cortex, of roots and stems of vascular plants
125
taproot
the primary root of a plant formed in direct continuation with the root tip or radicle of the embryo; forms a stout, tapering main root from which arise smaller, lateral roots
126
taproot system
roots off of a taproot
127
vascular cambium
a cylindrical sheath of meristematic cells, the division of which produces secondary phloem and secondary xylem
128
velamen
a multiple epidermis covering the aerial roots of some orchids and aroids; also occurs on some terrestrial roots
129
alternate
1
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annual rings
1
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axillary bud
1
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bud
1
133
bud scales
1
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bulb
1
135
cambial zone
1
136
closed vascular bundle
1
137
conduction
1
138
cork cambium
1
139
corn
1
140
cross section
1
141
dermal tissue
1
142
diffuse-porous wood
1
143
early wood
1
144
ground tissue
1
145
growth rings
1
146
heartwood
1
147
herbacious
1
148
hypodermis
1
149
internode
1
150
late wood
1
151
lateral bud
1
152
leaf scar
1
153
lumen
1
154
multiseriate
1
155
node
1
156
non-porous wood
1
157
open vascular bundle
1
158
opposite
1
159
phloem fibers
1
160
phyllotaxy
1
161
pit
1
162
pore "porous"
1
163
radial section
1
164
ray
1
165
resin duct
1
166
rhizome
1
167
ring-porous wood
1
168
sapwood
1
169
sclerenchyma sheath
1
170
spring wood
1
171
stem
1
172
stolon
1
173
summer wood
1
174
tangential section
1
175
tendril
1
176
thorn
1
177
transverse section
1
178
terminal bud
1
179
terminal bud scale scars
1
180
tuber
1
181
twig
1
182
uniseriate
1
183
vascular bundle scar
1
184
vascular ray
1
185
vascular tissue
1
186
vessel
1
187
whorled
1
188
winter twig
1
189
wood
1
190
woody
1
