Exam 4 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
what do seeds give plants
A
survival adpatation
2
Q
what does a seed do
A
protect enclosed embryo with a seed coat, contains stored food, and can reman dormant
3
Q
seeds
A
mature ovule containing an embryo
4
Q
how many generations is a seed composed of
A
3
5
Q
what are the 3 generations in a seed
A
offspring (seedling generation) (2n) - embryo
megagametophyte (n) - stored food
seed coat is maternal tissue (parent generation) (2n) - seed coat
6
Q
characteristics of seed plants
are the heterosporous or homosporous
A
all are heterosporous
7
Q
characteristics of seed plants
where is megagametophyte retained
A
within the original megasporangium
8
Q
characteristics of seed plants
how many additional layers of tissue, enclose
A
one or two
9
Q
characteristic of seeds plants
what is the tissue that encloses seed called
A
integument
10
Q
characteristic of seed plants
what is the opening at the apex of the megasporangium called
A
micropyle
11
Q
characteristic of seed plants
what is an ovule
A
nucellus and integument
12
Q
characteristic of seed plants
what happens after fertilization
A
ovule develops into seed
integument develops into seed coat
13
Q
what is the nucellus
A
megasporangium
14
Q
what is not required for male gamete to reach egg
A
water
15
Q
what carries pollen
A
water, air, or animals
16
Q
what do all seed plants posses megaphylls or microphylls
A
megaphylls
17
Q
division coniferophyta
A
pine- most familiar,
dominate forests in northern parts of north America and Eurasia
18
Q
what is the stage from sporophyte to microspore called
A
microsporogeneis
19
Q
what is the stage from microspore to microgametophyte called
A
microgametogenesis
20
Q
what is the stage from sporophyte to megaspore called
A
megasporogenesis
21
Q
what is the stage from megaspore to megagametophyte called
A
megagametogenesis
22
Q
what is created from the microgametophyte
A
pollen gram
23
Q
what is the embryo in gymnosperms
A
the seed
24
Q
pine life cycle
A
separate male and female cones, usally same tree
25
microgametophyte development
microsporogenesis (in microsporangia on pollen cone)
gymnosperms
O(2n)- microsporophyte
O (n) O (n) meiosis 1
O (n) O (n) O (n) O (n) meiosis 2
4 microspores (n) results
26
microgametogenesis
| gymnosperms
O (n)- microspore
O O O O 4 cell stage
x x tube cell generative cell
no function pollen tube O O
stalk cell spermatoginous cell
x O O
no function sperm sperm
3 stage 2 sperm and tube cell
27
megagametophyte development
| gymnosperm
cones larger than male cones- woody texture
ovules are borne on upper side of cone scales
each ovule contains a single megasporocyte (2n) undergo meiosis
28
megasporogenesis (in ovule)
| gymnosperm
```
O (2n) megasporocyte
. (n) O (n) meiosis 1
. (n) . (n) . (n) O (n) meiosis 2
x x x
1 functional megaspore (n)
```
29
megagametogenesis
| gymnosperm
megasporangium to megaspore (n) to megagametophyte (n)
30
when does pollination occur
| gymnosperm
prior to megaspore development
| seed cone scales open widely at this time but close after pollination is completed
31
megagametophyte development
| gymnosperm
after 15 months since pollination 2 or 3 archegonia develop on micropylar end of megagametophyte
32
fertilization in seed plants
| gymnosperm
egg in archegonium occurs 15 months after pollination
| pine seeds usually shed during autumn or year following pollination
33
where do seeds, no antheridia, and pollen tube show on a cladogram
between monilophyta and cycadophyta
34
where do flower and fruit, vessel elements, and double fertilizations show on a cladogram
between coniferophyta and anthophyta
35
division cycadophyta
palm like plants, leaves form clusters at tip of stem
| warmer climates
36
division ginkgophyta
Ginkgo Biloba
37
division gnetophyta
```
gnetum and allies
3 families, each with one species
gnetum
ephedra
weltischia mirabilis
```
38
angiosperms
very diverse group
comes from reproductive success of flowering plants
range from 1 cm to >100m
some are vines, epiphytes, succulents such as cactus, some are aquatic
some are parasitic (dodder) and saprophytes (Indian pipe)
39
2 characteristics of angiosperms
flowers
| fruits
40
what are the 2 traditional classes of angiosperms
monocotyledon
| dicotyledon
41
typical angiosperm life cycle
all are heterosporous
gametophyte are greatly reduced in size
both antheridia and archegonia are missing
42
how many cells are in a mature microgametophyte
3
43
how many cells are in a mature megagametophyte
7
44
where is the sporophyte in life cycle
in anther from microsporogenesis to microgametogenesis
45
where is the sporophyte in life cycle
in ovule from megasporogenesis to embryo
46
pollination in angiosperms is
indirect
47
pollination in angiosperms
pollen is deposited on stigma
pollen tube then grows and delivers 2 nonmotile sperm to megagametophyte
the ovule develops into seed which is enclosed in mature ovary (fruit)
48
microsporogenesis in anther
| angiosperms
O (2n) microsporocyte
O n O n meiosis I
O n O n O n O n meiosis II
4 microspore (n)
49
microgametogenesis in anther
| angiosperms
O (n) microspore
tube cell O n O n
pollen tube O n O n generative cell inside (tc)
sperm sperm
50
microgametogenesis
| angiosperms
pollen grains develop hard outer wall- the exine- made of sporopollenin
pollen is ready to be released from anther
51
what is microgametophyte called in angiosperms
pollen grain
52
what is mega gametophyte called in angiosperms
embryo sac
53
pollen in angiosperms
pollen varies greatly in size and shape
can be used diagnostically
ancient communities have been reconstructed based on ancient pollen in lake sediment- palynology
54
megasporogenesis in angiosperms
ovule- consists of stalk or funiculus with nucellus and one or two integuments
micropyle (opening) at one end
55
megasporogenesis order
megasporogenesis in nucellus/megasporangium in ovule
56
megasporogenesis
| angiosperm
O (2n) megasporcyte
. n O n meiosis I
. n . n . n O n meiosis II
4 megaspores 1 functional megaspore
57
megagametogenesis
| angiosperms
O n 1 megaspore 3 mitotic divisions
3 antipodals (chalazal)
2 polar nuclei
2 synergists and 1 egg (micropylar)
58
what is in a mature megagametophyte
"embryo sac" 7 cells 8 nuclei
59
pollination and fertilization in angiosperms
1 pollination
2 pollen grain germinates and takes up water
3 flower stigma and stalk modified to facilitate pollen grain germination and growth of pollen tube
4 pollen tube enters ovule through micropyle and penetrates one of the synergids
5 the 2 sperm and tube nucleus are released into synergid
6 one sperm fertilizes egg cell
7 other sperm unites with polar nuclei
8 process is called double fertilization
9 egg (n) and 2 polar nuclei (n & n) -> primary endosperm nucleus (3n)
10 tube nucleus dgenerates
11 remaining synergids and 3 antipodals disintegrate early in development of embryo sac
60
pollination
transfer of pollen to stigma
61
what is unique to angiosperms and (Gnetophyta)
double fertilization
62
what is the process of sperm and polar nuclei fusing called
"triple fusion" because of 3 nuclei are involved
63
develop of seed and fruit
| angiosperm
1 primary endosperm nucleus forms endosperm
2 zygote develops into embryo
3 integuments develop into seed coat
4 ovary wall and related structures develop into fruit
64
what does endosperm provide embryo and young seedling
food
65
ecology
study of interaction of organisms with their environment
66
environment
physical habitat and living (biotic) surrounding of an organism
67
individual
one organism
68
population
group of organisms capable of interbreeding among themselves and often sharing a common descent; group of individuals of the same species living at the same time and place
69
ecosystem
community and abiotic environment that affects it
70
biosphere
all ecosystems
| Earth
71
ecology of the individual
| physiological ecology
how an organism relates to its environment
72
what is physiological ecology concerned with
evolutionary adaptations that enable individual organisms to meet the challenges posed by their abiotic environment
73
how is environment variable
terms of light, water, temperature, wind, soil and disturbances
74
habitat (home)
the location and environmental conditions in which organism lives
75
what kinds of responses can individuals have to their environment
physiological, anatomical, or behavioral
76
physiological response
water uptake, photosynthesis
77
anatomical response
thickness of cuticle, distribution of stomata, sometimes reversible, sometimes not
78
behavioral response
phenology, growing season and dormancy
79
acclimation
a physiological change to the environment; occurs within the lifetime of an organism
80
adaptation
inherited (genetic) characteristics that enhance an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment; occurs over many generations (evolutionary change to environment)
81
what is population ecology concerned with
factors that affect population density and growth
82
population density
number of individuals per unit area or volume
83
linear growth
does not limit population size
| does not allow new individuals to reproduce
84
exponential growth
allows new individuals to reproduce
| does not limit population size
85
logistic growth
allows new individuals to reproduce
| does limit population size by a carrying capacity (k)
86
communities
assemblages of populations that live together and interact
87
what is community ecology concerned with
how interactions between species (predation, competition, and symbioses) affect community structure and organization
88
descriptors of community
species richness
| species diviersity
89
species richness
number of species present
90
species diversity
number of species present plus relatives abundances
91
vegetation
what types of plants are present (important for structuring community and feeding animals)
92
niche
the role of a species in a community; do not think of niche like "home"; think of it more as a "occupation"
93
types of interspecific interactions in communities
mutualism
commensalism
predation, grazing, and parasitism
amensalism
94
competition (-/-)
two or more species both try to obtain a limited resource
more similar niche means more similar resource requirements
lesser competitor is displaced by better competitor
lesser competitor is driven to extinction, can partition resources
95
predation, parasitism, grazing (+/-)
one organism eats part of or all of another, eating or avoiding being eaten are powerful selective pressures in natural selection
96
commensalism (+/o)
small orchid on a large tree
97
plant defense
mechanical spines, thorns, prickles,
| chemical- poisons, taste, drugs
98
animal defense
camouflage, poisonous
99
ammensalism (-/o)
step on ant, bison trample plants
100
mutualism (+/+)
2 species work together for mutual benefit, both benefit, sometimes both depend on each other for survival
101
lichen mutualism
algae and fungus
algae provides energy
fungus protects algae
fungus passes minerals to algae
102
clark's nutcracker and white bark pine
rely on each other to survive and reproduce
103
what is ecosystem ecology concerned with
energy flow and nutrient cycling across communities, and abiotic environment
104
how does energy flow through the environment
one way
| only get 10% of energy at each level going down- trophic pryamid
105
habitat types
```
tropical forest
desert
savanna
temperate grassland
temperate deciduous forest
chaparral
coniferous forest
tundra
polar ice
```
106
biome
group of ecosystems similar in type
| they contain similar habitats and similar niches for species
107
general features of terrestrial biomes
often named for major physical or climatic factors and for the predominant vegetation
108
desert
very high species diversity, near equator, high temp, high percipitation
109
savanna
grassland with scattered trees, world famous for wild life, high temp, low precipitation
110
temperate grassland
seasonal drought, occasional fire, grazing by large mammals, world's most fertile soil, moderate to high temps, low precipitation, fires
111
temperate deciduous forest
requires more moisture than grasslands or coniferous forests, dormant winter phase, moderate temps, moderate precipitation
112
chaparral
Mediterranean scrub, middle latitude coastal areas with scrub vegetation, hot dry summer, mild wet winters, frequent fires, moderate temperatures, moderate precipitation, fires
113
coniferous forest
boreal forest, northern forest, dominated by pines, spruces, firs, usually low in species diversity, moderate temperatures, moderate precipitation,
tiaga
114
tundra
very cold, absence of tall vegetation, water cannot permeate under lying permafrost, often leads to standing water, low temp, low precipitation
115
polar ice
extremely cold temps and low precipitation, permanently covered by ice and snow, low temps
