Exam 3 Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
what do taxonomists do
A
revisit and modernize classification systems as new species are discovered
2
Q
taxonomy
A
history of classification is one of the most continual change
identifying, naming, and classifying organisms no hypothesis testing, descriptive field
3
Q
what can species have
A
common names
4
Q
what are common names disadvantage
A
can vary from place to place
5
Q
what are species referred to by
A
Latin
6
Q
what is a species
A
biological species concepts: species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproducibly isolated from other sub groups
7
Q
taxonomic ranks
A
Domain Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus species
8
Q
what do divisions end with
A
-phyta
9
Q
what do classes end with
A
-opsida
10
Q
what do orders end with
A
-ales
11
Q
what do families end with
A
-aceae
12
Q
systematics
A
scientific study of biological diversity and its evolutionary history includes taxonomy, but it is broader, numerically devising relationships between species and groups of species, hypothesis are tested
13
Q
what does systematics do
A
strive to reconstruct evolutionary history
14
Q
what are the 6 kingdoms
A
archaea bacteria "protists" plantae fungi animalia
15
Q
what kingdoms have prokaryotic cells
A
archaea
bacteria
16
Q
what kingdoms have eukaryotic cells
A
“protists”
plantae
fungi
animalia
17
Q
what are the 3 domains
A
archaea
bacteria
eukarya
18
Q
what kindgoms are in the domain eukarya
A
“protists”
plantae
fungi
animalia
19
Q
cladograms
A
evolutionary history of a group of organisms
20
Q
what are cladograms traditionally based on
A
external morphology
similarly in appearance- closely related
can lead to problems with convergent evolution
21
Q
what are modern cladograms based on
A
sequence genes (portions of DNA) and compare similarities between organisms
22
Q
monophyletic group
A
ancestor and all its descendants
23
Q
paraphyletic group
A
ancestor and some of its descendents
24
Q
what type of groups does modern systematics use
A
only monophyletic group should be named, since paraphyletic groups are artificial
lead to the categorizing of species
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viridiplantae
monophyletic group that includes green algae and plants
26
viridiplantae informal groups
```
green algae
bryophytes
seedless vascular plants
gymnosperms
angiosperms
```
27
what kingdoms are both autotrophic and heterotrophic
bacteria
archaea
"protista"
28
what kingdoms are only autotrophic
plantae
29
what kingdoms are only heterotrophic
fungi
| animalia
30
what is the reproductive/life cycle of bacteria
binary fission
31
what is the reproductive/life cycle of archaea
binary fission
32
what is the reproductive/life cycle of "protista"
unicellular: basic mitosis
multicellular: zygotic meiosis, gametic meiosis, alternation of generations
33
what is the reproductive/life cycle of fungi
zygomatic meiosis
34
what is the reproductive/life cycle of animalia
gametic meiosis
35
what is the reproductive/life cycle of plantae
alternations of generations
36
what is the major component of the cell wall of bacteria
muramic acid
| peptidoglycan
37
what is the major component of the cell wall of archae
other glycoprotein
| polysaccarids
38
what is the major component of the cell wall of "protista"
many
39
what is the major component of the cell wall of fungi
chitin
40
what is the major component of the cell wall of animalia
(none)
41
what is the major component of the cell wall of plantae
cellulose
42
life cycles
zygomatic meiosis
gametic meiosis
alternations of generations
43
zygomatic meiosis
only diploid cell is the zygote
| any multicellular stage is haploid
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gametic meiosis
only haploid cell is gamete
| any multicellular stage is diploid
45
alternations of generations
both multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid
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phycology
study of algae
47
what do all 3 algae have
alternations of generations but not all species
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are most algae structurally complex
no
49
what is a exception to algae not being structurally complex
brown algae with central cells that resemble sieve element of vascular plants
50
Division phaeophyta "Brown algae"
almost entirely marine
most conspicuous seaweeds in temperate waters
dominate rocky shorelines, prefer cooler water temperatures
rockweeds and kelps
range from microscopic to the largest of all aquatic algae
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kelp
| life cycle
alternation of generations
52
rockweed
| life cycle
gametic meiosis
53
macrocystis
harvested along CA coast by kelp harvesting boats
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uses of brown algae
eaten
kelp is burned for its ash, used in industry
used as fertilizer, source of algin and alginates
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uses of algin
```
food
paper
textiles
pharmaceuticals
cosmetics
```
56
Division Rhodophyta "red algae"
especially abundant in tropical and warm waters
very few in fresh water
majority are multicellular
found deeper in water than any other marine algae
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what does red algae phycoblin pigment do
capture the green and blue green light that reach greater depths
58
what do marna reds do
```
deposit CaCO3 (limes) in their cell walls
coraline algae important
```
59
what algae can have some of the most complex lifecycle in the living world
red algae
| can have 3 generations in life cycle
60
uses of red algae
eaten for food,
source of agar (derived from cell walls)
carrageenan (derived from cell walls) emulsifying agent
61
Division Chlorophyta "green algae"
most diverse of the algal groups
includes unicellular, filamentous, colonial, coenocytic tubes, and multicellular forms
most are aquatic, in both fresh and marine water (mostly fresh water)
cell division in green algae, nuclear membrane is persistent throughout mitosis
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uses of green algae
important as base of many aquatic food chains
| ulva is eaten
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lichens
mutualism between a mycobiant and a photobiant
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mycobiant
fungal member
| more than 15,000 species of fungi can form a lichen assemblage
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photobiant
```
photosynthetic member (green algae or cyanobacteria)
only 100 species of algae will form lichen assemblage
```
66
mutualism in lichens
algae provide food energy for both by photosynthesis
fungus protects algae from environmental extreme
fungus also passes on mineral nutrients to algae
67
where do lichens live
in some of the harshest environments on Earth
begin process of soil formation in ecological succession
reproduce by simple fragmentation and by production of soredia
can survive in places where nothing else can
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soredia
structures with both algal and fungal members
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what are the 3 lichen growth forms
crustose, foliose, fruiticose
70
can lichens dry out and rehydrate
yes
71
why are lichens sensitive to pollution
minerals are absorbed but not excreted
72
oogamous
have large nonmotile egg and small motile sperm
73
are plants embryophytes
yes
74
bryophytes
moss, hornwort, liverwort
paraphyletic group; not closely related
grow low to ground and absorb water by capillary action- no true roots, small non vascular plants
lack xylem and phloem and lignified tissues
some have a central strand of conducting tissues
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gametophyte generation
haploid (n)
produces gametes by mitosis (n->n)
dominant generation in bryophytes
lack true roots, stems, and leaves
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sporophyte generation
diploid (2n)
produce spores by meiosis (2n->n)
in bryophytes the sporophyte is attached to gametophyte usually short lived
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features shared by all 3 divisions of bryophytes
sperm swim through water to reach egg
antheridium
archegonium
after fertilization, zygote retained within archegonium
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antheridium
contains numerous sperm cells
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archegonium
contain one egg
80
Division Marchantiophyta
| "liver worts"
smallest of all plants, <5cm
| lack stomata, but have pores, lack cuticle
81
2 growth forms of Division Marchantiophyta
flattened thallus
| "leafy" thallus
82
thallus liverwort habitat
moist shaded banks on soil or rocks
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thallus
plant body that is undifferentiated into leaves, stems, or roots
84
marchatia
most commonly studied liverwort
dichotomously branched gametotype
gametangia born on antheridiopores, archegoniophores
sporophyte consists of foot, short seta (stalk), and capsule or sporangium
85
asexual reproduction
fragmentation of gametophyte
gemmae (multicellular bodies that can give rise to new gametophyte)
production gemmae cups, dispersed by splashed rain
86
"leafy" liverworts
80% of liverwort species,
| "leaves" consists a single layer of undifferentiated cells
87
division bryophyta
| "mosses"
protonema
88
protonema
1st gametophyte generation
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moss gametophyte
"leafy" and usually upright
actually pseudophylls "false leaves"
"leaves" normally one cell thick
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moss sporophyte
consists of capsules sporangia elevated on seta (stalk)
| attached to gametophyte via "foot"
91
division anthocerophyta
| "horn worts"
lack conductive tissues have stomata, have cuticle
92
horn wort gametophyte
thallus resembles thallus liver wort
| has stomata
93
horn wort sporophyte
elongated and upright structure, green with photosynthetic cells
covered by cuticle, has stomata, spores dehisced near tip
94
what is the sporophyte dependent on in bryophytes
gametophyte
95
what is the dominant life cycle in vascular plants
sporophyte
96
what do you see in the sporophytes in vascular plants
specialized tissues (normal, vascular, ground)
97
what generation is reduced in vascular plants
gametophyte
98
types of leaves
microphylls
| megaphylls
99
microphylls
relatively small leaves, contain only a single strand of vascular tissue, no leaf gaps, in Lycopodiophyta
100
megaphylls
larger leaves, contain a complex system of veins, leaf traces with leaf gaps, in ferns and seed plants
101
reproduction in seedless vascular plants
all plants have an alternation of heteromorphic generations,
in vascular plants sporophyte is larger and more complex than gametophyte
102
homosporous life cycle
lycophytes and most ferns
| 1 type of spore, 1 type of gametophyte
103
mega
female
104
micro
male
105
heterosporous life cycle
2 types of spores, 2 types of gametophytes
| some lycophytes, water ferns, all seed plants
106
seedless vascular plants
division lycopodiophyta
| division monilophyta
107
division lycopodiophyta
basal group of vascular plants
true stems, leaves, and roots
microphyll leaves, characteristic of division
108
where does most of our current coal supply come from
division lycopodiophyta from carboniferous period
109
lycopodium
| club mosses
homosporous, develops into gametophyte that produces both antheridium and archegonium
110
spike mosses
| selaginella
heterosporous, micropores (male), megaspore (female)
| form 2 types of gametophytes- megagametophyte and microgametophyte
111
quillwarts
| isolets
contains thick underground corms and quill like microphylls
| heterosporous- spores borne at base of microphylls
112
Division monilophyta
| ferns and fern allies
vascular plant clade sister group to seed plants
| megaphyll leaves
113
2 major types of sporangia
eusporangia
| leptosporangia
114
eusporangia
```
formed from several initial cells, sporangium wall is several cell layers thick, larger than leptosporangia and contain many more spores,
all vascular plants except one class of ferns
```
115
leptosporangia
arise from a single superficial initial cell, sporangium wall is one layer thick, smaller and fewer spores, found in one class of ferns
116
fern life cycle
alternation of generation
dominant sporophyte generation
sporangia often clustered in sori
most ferns are homosporous
produce one type of spore
spores develop into heart shaped gametophyte
antheridium and archegonium both form on gametophyte
antheridia burst open to release sperm, sperm swims through water to archegonium, sperm fertilizes egg and zygote develops within gametophyte
117
what type of fern is heterosporous
water
118
what class of ferns has leptosporangia
class polypodiopsida
119
characteristics of brown algae
Division phaeophyte
chloroplast pigment
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, carotenoids
120
characteristics of brown algae
Division phaeophyte
prominent chlorplast pigment
fucoxanthium
121
characteristics of brown algae
Division phaeophyte
food storage
Luminer in vacuoles
122
characteristics of brown algae
Division phaeophyte
cell wall
cellulose, algin
123
characteristics of red algae
Division Rhodophyta
chloroplast pigment
chlorophyll a, phycobilin
124
characteristics of red algae
Division Rhodophyta
prominent chloroplast pigment
phycoerythrim
125
characteristics of red algae
Division Rhodophyta
cell wall
cellulose, calugcenan or agar
126
characteristics of red algae
Division Rhodophyta
food storage
florideon starch in cytosol
127
characteristics of green algae
Division Chlorophyta
Chloroplast pigment
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids
128
characteristics of green algae
Division Chlorophyta
prominent chloroplast pigment
chlorophyll a
129
characteristics of green algae
Division Chlorophyta
food storage
starch in plastids
130
characteristics of green algae
Division Chlorophyta
cell wall
cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin
131
characteristics of the plant kingdom
| chlorophyll
chlorophyll a is primary photosynthetic pigment, plus chlorophyll b and carotenoids
132
characteristics of the plant kingdom
| primary food storage
starch (in plastids) carbohydrates
133
characteristics of the plant kingdom
| cell wall made of
cellulose plus hemicellulose and pectin
134
characteristics of the plant kingdom
| life cycle
all have alternation of generations lifecycle, both generations are multicellular
135
characteristics of the plant kingdom
| are they oogamous
yes
136
characteristics of the plant kingdom
| are embryos multicellular or not
yes multicellular
137
characteristics of the plant kingdom
| what are spores encased in
walls containing sporopollenin
138
characteristics of the plant kingdom
| where are tissues produced
apical meristem
139
characteristics of the plant kingdom
| what do they have around reproductive cells
sterile jackets
