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Microbiology > Exam 2: nutritional, ecology, and growth > Flashcards

Exam 2: nutritional, ecology, and growth Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basic requirements of life?

A
  • bioelements
  • energy
  • essential nutrients
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2
Q

what are macronutrients?

required in large qt

A

play principal role in cell structure and metabolism (protiens, carbohydrates)

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3
Q

what are micronurtients?

required in small amounts

A

invloved in enzyme function and maintenance of protien structure

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4
Q

essential nutrients

what is a heterotroph?

A

must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms such as protiens, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

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5
Q

essential nutrients

what is an autotroph?

A

not nutrionally dependent on other living things ;an organism that uses CO2 an inorganic gas as its carbon source

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6
Q

energy source

what is a chemotroph?

A

gains energy from chrmical compounds

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7
Q

energy source

what is a phototroph?

A

gains energy from the sun

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8
Q

nutritional categories

what is a photoautotroph?

sunlight

A

photosynthetic organisms such as algae, plants, cyan

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9
Q

nutritional categories

what is a chemoautotroph?

simple inorganic chemicals

A

certain bacteria and archae such as methanogens and deep sea vent bacteria

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10
Q

nutritional categories

what is a chemoheterotroph?

A

they metabollically convert nutrients of other organisms

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11
Q

nutritional categories

what are some examples of chemoheterotrophs?

A
  • protozoa
  • fungi
  • animals
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12
Q

nutritional categories

what is a saprobe?

vultures

A

they metabolize organic matter from dead organisms

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13
Q

nutritional categories

what are some examples of saprobes?

A
  • protozoa
  • fungi
  • bacteria
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14
Q

nutritional categories

what are symbiotic microbes?

A

obtain organic matter from living organisms

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15
Q

nutritional categories

what are some examples of symbiotic microbes?

A
  • parasites
  • commensals
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16
Q

nutritional categories

what are photoheterotrophs?

A

sunlight or organic matter

17
Q

nutritional categories

what are some examples of photoheterotrophs?

A

purple and green photosynthetic bacteria

18
Q

nutritional categories

what is a chemoheterotrophs?

A

metabolize nutrients from other sources

19
Q

transport

what is passive transport?

A

doesnt require energy to move from areas of higher concentration toward areas of lower concentration?

20
Q

transport

what are the 3 types of passive transport?

A
  • diffusion
  • osmosis
  • facilitated diffusion
21
Q

transport

what is diffusion?

A

movement of molecules down their concentration gradient

22
Q

transport

what is osmosis?

A

diffusion of H2O

23
Q

transport

what is active transport?

A

requires energy and carrier protiens; gradient independent

24
Q

transport

what are the 3 bulk forms of transport?

A
  • endocytosis
  • exocytosis
  • pinocytosis
25
Q

osmosis

describe osmosis

A
  • living membranes block the entrance and exit of larger molecules and permit free diffusion of water
  • when concentrations of the solutions differ, one side will exp net loss of H2O and the other net gain of H2O until equilibrium is reached
26
Q

osmosis

what is an isotonic solution?

A

H2O concentration is equal inside and outside the cell, thus rates of diffusion EQUAL in both directions

27
Q

osmosis

what is a hypotonic solution?

plasmolysis

A

diffusion of H2O out of the cell and shrinks the cell membrane away from the cell wall; process know as plasmolysis

28
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

plasmolysis

A

water diffuses out of the cell and shrinks the cell membrane away from the cell wall

29
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A

passive transport mechanism that utilizes a carrier protien and will bind to a specific substance

30
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

brining substances into the vell through a vesicle ot phagosome

31
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

ingests substances or vells (pseudopods)

32
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

ingestion of fluids or dissolved substances (microvilli)

33
Q

what are envoirmental factors that influencd microbes?

T, OR, pH, OP, BP

A
  • temperature
  • oxygen requirements
  • pH
  • osmotic pressure
  • barometric pressure
34
Q

temperature

what are pyschrophiles?

A

bacteria capable of growth from 15 C to 0 degree C

35
Q

temperature

what are mesophiles?

A

bacteria able to grow from 20 C to 40 C which is most human pathogen

36
Q

temperature

what are thermophiles?

A

bacteria that are able to love in 45C and above

37
Q

oxygen requirements

what is an aerobe?

A

utilize oxygen

38
Q

oxygen req

what is an obligate aerobe?

A

cant grow without the presence of oxygen

Microbiology (6 decks)

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