Exam 3

Question 1

The human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal flora….

Answer 1

during and immediately after birth.

Question 2

Virulence factors include all the following

Answer 2

• capsules
• exoenzymes
• endotoxins
• exotoxins

Question 3

STORCH is an acronym that represents…..?

syphilis, toxoplasmosis, other diseases, rubella, cytomegalovirus,herpes

Answer 3

infections of the fetus and neonate.

Question 4

Microbial hyaluronidase, coagulase, and streptokinase are examples of?

Answer 4

exoenzymes

Question 5

what are exotoxins?

Answer 5

lipopolysaccharides

Question 6

what organ do the enterotoxins target?

Answer 6

intestines

Question 7

what are the processes of infectious disease?

P1) IP, P2) PS, P3) PI, P4) CP

Answer 7

phase 1) incubation period
phase 2) prodromal stage
phase 3) period of invasion
phase 4) convalescent period

Question 8

what is incubation period

phase 1

Answer 8

intital contact until apprerance of first syptoms, it is multiplying but not enough for damage
several hours —–> several days

Question 9

what is prodromal period?

phase 2

Answer 9

vague feelings of discomfort but no complaints

Question 10

what is period of invasion?

phase 3

Answer 10

multiplies at high levels and has more specific signs and syptoms

Question 11

what is convalescent period?

phase 4

Answer 11

the immune system begins to respond to infection and syptoms decline

Question 12

The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen at peak activity is called the?

Answer 12

period of invasion

Question 13

The time from when pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply, until symptoms first appear is the?

Answer 13

incubation period

Question 14

The initial, brief period of early, general symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches is the

Answer 14

prodromal stage

Question 15

what is the subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient called?

Answer 15

symptoms

Question 16

what is the objective, measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer called?

Answer 16

signs

Question 17

what is a disease that has a steady frequency over time in a population called?

Answer 17

endemic

Question 18

what is the primary, natural habitat of a pathogen where it persists called?

Answer 18

reservoir

Question 19

what is an animal that transmits a pathogen from one host to another called?

Answer 19

vector

Question 20

what is an inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen called?

Answer 20

fomite

Question 21

what is resident flora?

Answer 21

microbes that exist in mutual association w/ humans

Question 22

what is transient flora?

Answer 22

microbes that cause infection sites that harbour normal residents

penis, mouth, colon, eye lids, lashes etc.

Question 23

where are areas in the body that are sterile?

Answer 23

• uterus
• internal eye
• brain and spinal cord
• liver

Question 24

Adhesive pili, exotoxins, and capsules are all examples of

Answer 24

virulence factors

Question 25

where are resident microbiota found? | s, m, li, np

Answer 25

- skin - mouth - nasal passages - large instestines

Question 26

Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is called a?

Answer 26

carrier

Question 27

what are the diffrent portals of entry? | EX, EN

Answer 27

- exogenus - endogenus

Question 28

what are exogenus agents?

Answer 28

orginate from sources outside the body

Question 29

what is a endogenus agents?

Answer 29

normal flora

Question 30

what are the specfic portals of entry? | s, R, GI, UG

Answer 30

skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital

Question 31

what are the two bacterial toxins?

Answer 31

- endotoxins - exotoxins

Question 32

what is an endotoxin?

Answer 32

a toxin composed of part of the outer membrane that have gram neg cell walls

Question 33

what are the syptoms of endotoxin?

Answer 33

fever, aches, shock

Question 34

what is exotoxins?

Answer 34

secreted by living bacterial cells and disrupts the membrane

Question 35

what is toxemia?

Answer 35

toxins spread through the blood - tetanus - diptheria

Question 36

rabbits and rodents are resvoirs for what agent?

Answer 36

tularemia

Question 37

what are the characteristics of pertuisis

Answer 37

whooping sounds

Question 38

what is tyhe characteristics of enterobacciae

Answer 38

gluclose fermination

Question 39

Which disease involves transmission by aerosolized water from whirlpool spas, air conditioners, cooling towers, and supermarket vegetable misters?

Answer 39

Legionellosis

Question 40

what are the characteristics of E.coli infections?

Answer 40

- transmitted by fecal contaminated soil or water - UTI from normal flroa strains - involve enterotoxin in traveler's diarrhea. - cuases inflammatory disease

Question 41

is somonella motile

Answer 41

yes

Question 42

what are coliforms that cause opportunistic and nosocomial infections

Answer 42

- enterobacter - citrobacter - klebsiella - serratia

Question 43

what are charaxcteristics of shigella

Answer 43

- non motile - realease endotoxins - enterobacciae genus - produce enterotoxin

Question 44

how is Yersinia pestis transmitted?

Answer 44

flea vector

Question 45

what is the gram-negative bacillus associated with abscesses from dog and cat bites or scratches?

Answer 45

Pasteurella multocida.

Question 46

Up to 70% of travel-associated gastrointestinal diseases are caused by

Answer 46

enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli.

Question 47

hich bacteria could be responsible for hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?

Answer 47

E. coli 0157:H7

Question 48

Whooping cough is transmitted via respiratory droplets. The __________ stage lasts 1–2 weeks, while the __________ stage is characterized by severe coughing.

Answer 48

catarrhal; paroxysmal

Question 49

E. coli 0157:H7 characteristics include all the following, except

Answer 49

it only causes occupational illness in people who work with animals.

Question 50

Which of the following is an agent of the sexually transmitted disease chancroid?

Answer 50

Haemophilus ducreyi

Question 51

The buildup of mucus and blockage of airways in pertussis is due to

Answer 51

toxins that destroy the ciliated cells of the respiratory tract.

Question 52

Production of enterotoxin is a characteristic of

Answer 52

Clostridium difficile.

Question 53

Which organism can infect deeper wound sites and produce exotoxins, enzymes, and gas that cause tissue and muscle necrosis?

Answer 53

Clostridium perfringens

Question 54

All of the following pertain to Listeria monocytogenes, except

Answer 54

production of endospores

Question 55

Formation of a pseudomembrane in the back of the throat is seen in

Answer 55

diptheria

Question 56

he major virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae that causes serious systemic effects is

Answer 56

its exotoxin.

Question 57

What is the usual cause of pseudomembranous colitis?

Answer 57

Therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics leading to superinfection by C. difficile

Question 58

duction of a neurotoxin that prevents acetylcholine release from motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions is a characteristic of

Answer 58

Clostridium botulinum.

Question 59

All of the following pertain to Clostridium difficile infection, except

Answer 59

it is due to ingestion of contaminated, improperly stored, cooked meats and gravies.