Exam 2 - Perfusion

Question 1

the flow of blood through arteries and capillaries delivering nutrients and O2 to cells

Answer 1

perfusion

Question 2

___ health directly impacts optimal perfusion

Answer 2

cardiovascular

Question 3

name at least 3 disorders related to changes in perfusion

Answer 3

(1) MI
(2) stroke
(3) sepsis
(4) HTN
(5) HF

Question 4

heart and large vessels delivering oxygenated blood

Answer 4

central perfusion

Question 5

impulses causing heart muscle to contract

Answer 5

conduction

Question 6

heart contracts and ejects blood into the arteries

Answer 6

systole

Question 7

heart relaxes and blood fills into the ventricles

Answer 7

diastole

Question 8

blood that flows through arteries and capillaries to targeted tissues and returns to the heart via blood vessels

Answer 8

tissue perfusion

Question 9

how does perfusion differ in infants?

Answer 9

(1) heart is larger compared to rest of body
(2) strength and pressure rises dramatically

Question 10

how does perfusion differ in adolescents?

Answer 10

(1) HR declines
(2) BP increases throughout growth

Question 11

how does perfusion differ in older adults?

Answer 11

(1) heart tissue become stiff and thick
(2) arterial walls decrease in elasticity
(3) increased BP
(4) decreased CO
(5) LE edema

Question 12

the two main types of perfusion variations are ____

Answer 12

impaired central perfusion and impaired local / tissue perfusion

Question 13

the 5 types of impaired central perfusion are

Answer 13

(1) altered conduction
(2) reduced myocardial contraction
(3) ineffective heart valves
(4) intravascular volume
(5) systemic vascular resistance

Question 14

_____ is abnormal electrical muscle conduction that interrupts effective contractions of the heart

Answer 14

altered conduction

Question 15

when the heart contractions are weaker than expected

Answer 15

reduced myocardial contraction

Question 16

____ can reduce efficiency of the heart pumping

Answer 16

ineffective heart valves

Question 17

____ can result from hypovolemia or hypervolemia

Answer 17

intravascular volume

Question 18

pressure within the vascular system that change CO

Answer 18

systemic vascular resistance

Question 19

impaired local / tissue perfusion most often occurs from ____

Answer 19

artery occlusion / constriction

Question 20

the three main complications of impaired perfusion are ____

Answer 20

(1) hypoxia
(2) anoxia
(3) ischemia

Question 21

____ is absence of O2 to cells

Answer 21

anoxia

Question 22

____ is reversible cellular injury that occurs when demand for O2 exceeds supply

Answer 22

ischemia

Question 23

ischemia is typically d/t ___

Answer 23

hypoxia

Question 24

when ischemia is prolonged, it leads to ____

Answer 24

irreversible cell injury and tissue death

Question 25

extent of ischemic harm is dependent on ___ and ____

Answer 25

cause; length of impairment

Question 26

population risk factors for impaired perfusion are

Answer 26

(1) older adults (2) social and environmental factors (i.e., low income and ed levels)

Question 27

name at least 3 modifiable risk factors r/t impaired perfusion

Answer 27

(1) smoking (2) elevated serum lipids (3) sedentary lifestyle (4) obesity (5) diabetes (6) hypertension

Question 28

name at least 3 common s/s of impaired perfusion

Answer 28

(1) pain (2) syncope (3) dizziness (4) dyspnea (5) edema (6) fatigue

Question 29

during assessment for impaired perfusion, specifically palpate ___ pulses

Answer 29

radial and pedal

Question 30

tenting may indicate ____

Answer 30

fluid volume deficit

Question 31

what lab tests are used to assess for impaired perfusion?

Answer 31

(1) cardiac enzymes / markers (2) lipids (3) CBC (4) BNP

Question 32

___ and ____ are scans used in assessment for impaired perfusion

Answer 32

ECG and echocardiography / ultrasound

Question 33

name at least 3 primary prevention measures for impaired perfusion

Answer 33

(1) diet (2) exercise (3) smoking (4) BP management (5) healthy weight (6) statin use for lipid mgmt

Question 34

name 2 secondary prevention measures for impaired perfusion

Answer 34

(1) BP screening (2) lipid screening

Question 35

BP screening should be done annually for adults ____ (age)

Answer 35

>40 yo or at high risk

Question 36

Lipid screenings should be completed every ____ for 20 yo+ with low CV risk

Answer 36

5 years

Question 37

emergency procedure that uses electric shock to the heart to restore normal rhythm

Answer 37

defibrillation

Question 38

controlled electrical shock to restore normal rhythm in a non-threatening situation in A fib

Answer 38

cardioversion

Question 39

device placed inside the heart that regulates HR through electrical signals

Answer 39

pacemaker

Question 40

mechanical pump that helps a weakened heart pump

Answer 40

ventricular assist device

Question 41

surgery that reroutes blood around blocked artery and uses graft from another blood vessel body

Answer 41

arterial bypass graft

Question 42

balloon catheter opens up a clogged artery and a stent is placed to keep the artery from collapsing or being blocked

Answer 42

angioplasty with stent placement

Question 43

surgery that removes plaque buildup from inside an artery

Answer 43

endarterectomy

Question 44

procedure that removes blood clots from blood vessels to restore circulation

Answer 44

thrombectomy