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Exam 2 plants Flashcards

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1
Q

The Variety of Sexual Life Cycles

A
  • Alternation of meiosis and fertilization is common to all sexually reproducing organisms
  • Three main types of sexual life cycles differ in timing of meiosis and fertilization
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2
Q

A horse has 16 chromosomes in its gametes, how many does it have in its liver cell?

A

2n = 64

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3
Q

Animals (and Some Algae) Sexual Life Cycle -diagram 13.6a

A

n gametes via meiosis -fig

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4
Q

Plants (and Some Algae) Sexual Life Cycle

A

n gametes via mitosis

n spores via meiosis

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5
Q

Fungi (and Some Algae) Sexual Life Cycle 13.6c

A

n spores via meiosis

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6
Q

The Greening of Earth

A

Plants started getting taller to compete for light, 385 millions
ago

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7
Q

Archaeplastida

A

Supergroup includes red algae, green algae, land plants

  • Descended from an ancient protist that engulfed a
    cyanobacterium (i.e., endosymbiosis)
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8
Q

Land plants evolved from green algae

A

Green algae called charophytes are the closest relatives
of land plants

  • Many characteristics of land plants also appear in a variety of protist clades, mainly algae
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9
Q

land plants share three key traits with only charophytes

A

– Rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins

 – Structure of flagellated sperm
	 
 – Formation of a phragmoplast
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10
Q

Adaptations Enabling the Move to Land

A

In charophytes a layer of a durable polymer called sporopollenin prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

  • Sporopollenin is also found in plant spore walls
  • Movement onto land by charophyte ancestors
    provided unfiltered sun, more plentiful CO2, nutrient-rich soil, and few herbivores or pathogens
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11
Q

Derived Traits of Plants

A

Alternation of generations
– Multicellular, dependent embryos
– Walled spores produced in sporangia
– Multicellular gametangia
– Apical meristems

Note 1: some of these traits are lost in some lineages
* Note 2: some non-plant lineages also have some of
these traits (convergence)

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12
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

Plants alternate between two multicellular stages, a reproductive cycle called alternation of generations

  • The gametophyte is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis
  • Fusion of gametes gives rise to the diploid sporophyte, which produces haploid spores
    by meiosis
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13
Q

Exploring Derived Traits of Land Plants: Alteration of generations- figure 29.4-1

A

boom

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14
Q

Multicellular, Dependent Embryos

A

The diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female gametophyte

  • Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through placental transfer cells
  • Land plants are called embryophytes because
    of embryo dependency on parent
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15
Q

Walled Spores Produced in -

A

sporangia

-the sporophyte produces spores in organs called sporangia

Diploid cells called sporocytes undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

  • Spore walls contain sporopollenin, which makes them resistant to harsh environments
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16
Q

Multicellular Gametangia

A
  • Gametes are produced within organs called gametangia
  • Female gametangia, called archegonia, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization
  • Male gametangia, called antheridia, produce and release sperm
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17
Q

Apical Meristems

A
  • Plants sustain continual growth in their apical meristems
  • Cells from the apical meristems differentiate into
    various tissues
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18
Q

Additional derived traits include:

A

The cuticle, a waxy covering of the epidermis

– Mycorrhizae, symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants
* may have helped plants without true roots to obtain
nutrients

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19
Q

What is in the phylum land plants?

A

all

-liverworts

-mosses

-hornworts

-lycophytes

-monilophytes

-gymnosperms

-angiosperms

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20
Q

what is in vascular plants?

A

the seedless vascular plants and seed plants

-lycophytes

-monilophytes

-gymnosperms

-angiosperms

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21
Q

What is in nonvascular plants

A

Liverworts

-mosses

-hornworts

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22
Q

What is in seedless vascular plants

A

Lycophytes

monilophytes

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23
Q

What is in group seed plants

A

gymnosperms

angiosperms

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24
Q

What phylum is in the nonvascular plants (bryophytes)

A

Phylum:

-hepatophyta

-bryophyta

-anthocerophyta

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25
What is the common name for phylum hepatophyta
liverworts 9000 species
26
What is the common name for phylum bryophyta
mosses 15,000 species
27
What is the common name for phylum anthocerophyta
hornworts 100 species
28
What phylums are in seedless vascular plants?
phylum: lycophyta monilophyta
29
What is the common name for phylum lycophyta
lycophytes 1200 speices
30
What is the common name for phylum monilophyta
monilophytes 12000 spieces
31
What phylums are in gymnosperms
Phylum: Ginkgophyta Cycadophyta Gnetophyta Coniferophyta
32
What is the common name for phylum Ginkgophyta
Ginkgo 1 spieces
33
What is the common name for phylum Cycadophyta
cycads 130 speices
34
What is the common name for phylum Gnetophyta
gnetophytes 75 speices
35
What is the common name for phylum Coniferophyta
conifers 600 speices
36
What phylum is in angiosperms
phylum anthophyta
37
What is the common name for phylum anthophyta
flowering plants 250000 speices
38
Traits on Nonvascular Plants
-Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dom by gametophytes * Bryophytes are represented today by three phyla of small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants – Liverworts, phylum Hepatophyta – Mosses, phylum Bryophyta – Hornworts, phylum Anthocerophyta -These groups are thought to represent the earliest lineages to diverge from the common ancestor of land plants
39
Dominant Gametophytes
In all three bryophyte phyla, gametophytes are larger and longer-living than sporophytes * Sporophytes are typically present only part of the time
40
Phylum bruophyta moss life cycle 29.7
boop
41
Bryophyte Gametophytes
A spore germinates into a gametophyte composed of protonema (protonemata) and gamete-producing gametophore * Gametophyte height is constrained by lack of vascular tissues Mature gametophytes produce flagellated sperm in antheridia and an egg in each archegonium * Sperm swim through film of water to reach and fertilize egg
42
Bryophyte Sporophytes
* Bryophyte sporophytes grow out of archegonia, and are smallest and simplest sporophytes of all extant plant groups A sporophyte consists of a foot, seta (stalk), and sporangium, also called a capsule, which discharges spores through a peristome * Hornwort and moss sporophytes have stomata for gas exchange; liverworts do not
43
The Ecological and Economic Importance of Mosses
Mosses are capable of inhabiting diverse and sometimes extreme environments * They are especially common in moist forests and wetlands * Some mosses might help retain nitrogen in the soil
44
Sphagnum
Sphagnum, or “peat moss,” forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material known as peat * Peat can be used as a source of fuel * Sphagnum is an important global reservoir of organic carbon * Overharvesting of Sphagnum and/or a drop in water level in peatlands could release stored CO2 to the atmosphere
45
Origin of vascular plants
Bryophytes were prevalent for first 100 million years of plant evolution * Vascular plants originated in the Silurian and underwent great diversification during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods * Vascular plants now dominate non-vascular plants
46
Seedless vascular plants
The first vascular plants were seedless * Recall that a seed consists of an embryo and its food supply surrounded by protective coat
47
Main groups of seedless vascular plants
* Lycophytes ( Phylum Lycophyta) – Spike mosses – Quillworts – Club mosses * Monilophytes (Phylum Monilophyta) – Ferns – Horsetails – Whisk ferns and relatives
48
Life cycles of seedless vascular plants
In contrast with bryophytes, sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the larger generation, as in familiar ferns * The gametophytes are tiny plants that grow on or below the soil surface fig 29.13
49
Leaves
Organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants – Capture solar energy that is used for photosynthesis * Leaves are categorized by two types - Microphylls, leaves with a single vein - Megaphylls, leaves with a highly branched vascular system
50
Hypothesis for microphyll evolution fig.
yo
51
Hypothesis for megaphyll evolution fig
yup
52
Sporophylls
are modified leaves with sporangia
53
Sori
clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls
54
Strobili
cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls
55
Sporophylls
* Sporophylls Sori strobili
56
Homospory, heterospory
Most seedless vascular plants are homosporous, producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are heterosporous * Heterosporous species produce megaspores, which give rise to female gametophytes, and microspores, which give rise to male gametophytes
57
Two clades of seedless vascular plants
Phylum Lycophyta includes club mosses*, spike mosses*, and quillworts – Phylum Monilophyta includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives
58
Phylum Lycophyta
Surviving species are small herbaceous plants * Club mosses, spike mosses and quillworts have vascular tissues and are not true mosses * Many lycophytes are epiphytes * microphylls
59
Spike mosses: selaginella
-Small -Horizontal growth -Often have strobili -Heterosporous
60
Ferns
– Most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in temperate forests * Horsetails were diverse during the Carboniferous period, but are now restricted to the genus Equisetum * Whisk ferns (Psilotum) resemble ancestral vascular plants but are closely related to modern ferns
61
Ferns:
Megaphylls (unlike lycophytes) -Most are homosporous -Most species have stalked sporangia
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