Flashcards in Exam 2 Review Deck (119)
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1
two types of functional groups found on the anomeric carbon of straight chain sugars
aldehydes and ketones
2
glycation
-clinical significance
the process of a protein reaction and combining with a sugar without the presence of a cofactor such as an activated sugar
-Hb can be glycated when diabetics dont take their insulin and take too much sugar and can be used in a test to see if people have been compliant
3
polysaccharide, glycolipis, and glycoprotein bond formation requirements
-this process is called glycosylation and it differs from glycation in that cofactors are needed to carry out the reaction
-these are in the form of activated sugar nucleotides
4
glycogen structure
-series of alpha 1,4 linked glucose molecules with alpha 1,6 branches
-the end at which sugars get added is called the nonreducing end
5
glycosaminoglycans GAGs
-what are they
-most common
long, linear sugars with disaccharide repeats that are negatively charged (sulfates)
-can be free or attached to protein
-chondroitin sulfate is the most common
6
chondroitin sulfate
bone, cartilage, cornea formation
7
keratan sulfate
cornea, connective tissue
8
dermatan sulfate
binds LDL to plasma walls
9
heparan sulfate
aortic wall, basement membrane
10
heparin
anticoagulant
11
hyaluronic acid
cell migration, lubricant, (not covalently attached to protein)
12
proteoglycans
-provide part of the ground substance for tissue epithelia, bind growth factors/cytokines and provide cushioning in joints
13
enzymatic glycosylation
-where does it occur
-outside of the cell or oriented outside of the cell except in O-GlcNac
- can be O linked or N linked with a specificity determined by the nucleotide sugar and the substrate
-sugar processing occurs as proteins traffic from the ER through the golgi
14
what enzymes are involved in I cell disease
-there are multiple!!
-results in the accumulation of many biosynthetic materials
15
glycoproteins are critical for...
-biological recognition
-mannose-6-P as a lysosomal targeting signal, influenza or helicobacter, leucocyte adhesion deficiency 2
16
what does lactase insufficiency cause when lactose is consumed
-fluid to rush into the colon causing watery diarrhea and the formation of H2 gas
17
the different mechanisms in which monosaccharides can enter the cell
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport
18
Glut 4
-type of transport
-found where
-regulation
-difference between glut 2
-facilitated transporter
-important in fat and muscle
-not found in the liver **
-regulated by insulin
-glut 2 is not regulated by insulin
19
affect of insulin on blood glucose in type 1 diabetics
-blood glucose does not go down nearly as much
20
insulins action on glucose metabolism
-decreases blood glucose by increasing uptake in muscle and adipose tissue (not in the liver)
-increases glycolysis in the liver, increasing acetyl-CoA formation
-decreases gluconeogenic reactions
-decreases glycogen breakdown and increases synthesis
21
purpose of forming G6P from Glu
-locks it into the cell so the exterior glucose concentration doesnt pull it back out of the cell
-this is done by hexokinase everywhere and by glucokinase in hepatocytes
-glucokinase in pancreatic beta cells regulates glycolysis and hence insulin secretion (MODY)
22
glucokinase vs hexokinsae concentrations
-glucokinase is 100 times more concentrated in liver cells than hexokinase is anywhere else in the body
-this makes sure that the liver does not miss any glucose molecules passing through it
23
4 different things you can do with glucose in a general sense
-glycogen synthesis
-glycolysis
-PPS
-glucuronides
24
niacin deficiency
-vitamin B3
-dermatitis
-diarrhea
-dementia (pellagra)
25
thiamine deficiency
-VitB1
-opthalmoplegia
-gait difficulties
-confusion
-beri beri
-wernicke korsakoff
26
riboflavin
-VB12
-cheilosis and glossitis
27
lipopoate
-targeted by arsenic (pyruvate and a ketoglutarate dehydrogenase)
28
ratios of NAD vs NADH and NADPH vs NADP
-NAD+ >> NADH
-NADPH >> NADP
-basically, what the cell wants are NADPH and NAD, these are what are the cell uses as substrates in important reaction
-however, there are reaction within the cell that can convert NADH and NADP back to their original states
-it is an oxidation reduction cycle
29
regulated enzymes of glycolysis
-hexokinase/glucokinase
-phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1)
-pyruvate kinase
30
