Exam 2 Themes

Question 1

Nature & Nurture

Answer 1

*Attachment Theory
*Nature:
1. Biological need/drive to be close
to caregiver
2. Signaling behaviors (crying)
*Nurture:
1. Emotional bond formed through
interactions with caregiver
2. Separation anxiety not present
in newborns but steadily
increases in first few months

Question 2

Stability & Change

Answer 2

*Attachment Long-term
*Stability:
1. Template for future social
relationships
2. Internal working model of how
child relates to others
*Change:
1. Attachment can change
(responsiveness intervention)
2. Different attachment styles with
different caregivers

Question 3

Sociocultural Context

Answer 3

*Phoneme Perception
1. Perceptual narrowing of
phoneme discrimination
2. Phonemes infant can detect
based on sociocultural context:
dominant language(s)
3. Mandarin, Thai, Hindi,
Thompson, English
*Cultural differences in Attachment
1. Who & how many caregivers
(role of extended family in
culture)
E.g. Efé people in Congo
2. Responsive-behaviors
(individualist v. collectivist child-
rearing)

Question 4

Individual Differences

Answer 4

• Individual differences in the Strange Situation
  *Differences between/within attachment styles
  E.g. Insecure-ambivalent can either be extremely distressed when mother leaves or passive
  E.g. Secure child can either be upset when mother leaves or not that upset at all

Question 5

Child Welfare

Answer 5

*Responsiveness Intervention
*Aim to improve child’s attachment if at-risk
*Teach parents how to pay
attention and respond to child’s
needs
*Be a secure base and a safe
haven while child explores
*Developmental Outcomes
*Peer relationship quality
*Emotional regulation

Question 6

Mechanisms

Answer 6

*Statistical Learning: Information Processing Theory
How language develops
* Word Segmentation
1. Children pick up on
probability of what sounds
come next within a word or
in a different word
*Grammar
1. Working memory training
improves performance on
grammar exercises