Gender Identity

Question 1

Sex

Answer 1

Biologically-based
(Female, male, intersex)

Question 2

Gender

Answer 2

Socially-constructed
- Cisgender, transgender, gender fluid, nonbinary, etc.

Question 3

Gender Similarities & Differences

Answer 3

Similarities: in most things
Differences:
- Moderate: activity level, interpersonal goals
- Large: gender-typed play, direct physical aggression

Question 4

How does Gender Develop?

Answer 4

• Observation, Imitation, & Reinforcement
• Formation of categories and groups
• Biological Influences
• Cultural Influences

Question 5

Observation, Imitation, & Reinforcement

Answer 5

Indirect reinforcement
* Personal & media observation and imitation of models
* Consequences of certain behaviors
Direct reinforcement
* Behavior towards young infants of different genders

Question 6

Formation of Categories & Groups

Answer 6

• Categories for gender identity
• Self-socialization
• Ingroup bias and assimilation

Question 7

Biological Influences

Answer 7

• Cross-cultural studies
• Small brain differences in hormones in adults (directionality problem)
• Nothing on genes so far

Question 8

Cultural Influences

Answer 8

• Microsystem: socialization with family, friends, & peers
• Macrosystem: opportunities for men and women in culture

Question 9

Gender Development Milestones

Answer 9

Infancy and Toddlerhood
* Differentiating
* Labeling & Stereotypes
Early Childhood
* Broader stereotypes
* Rigid thinking & less gender constancy
* Peer preferences for same-gender
Middle Childhood
* Flexible thinking & gender constancy
* Understand gender discrimination but still practice
* More willing to do cross-gender behaviors
* Maintain same-gender peer preference
Adolescence
* Flexibility or intensification
* More mixed-gender interactions still < same-gender