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exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A

striated, voluntary, outside nuclei, multi nucleated

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2
Q

Cardiac Muscles

A

striated, involuntary, intercalated disks

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3
Q

Smooth Muscles

A

involuntary, unstriated, central nuclei, single nuclei

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4
Q

Origin

A

closest to the trunk or to more stationary bone

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5
Q

Insertion

A

more distal or more mobile attachment

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6
Q

Flexor

A

brings bone together

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7
Q

Extensor

A

moves bone away

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8
Q

Flexor-Extensor Pairs

A

Antagonistic muscle group

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9
Q

Muscle Fascicles

A

composed of muscle fibers

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10
Q

Muscle

A

connective tissue, muscle fascicles, blood vessels, nerves

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11
Q

Myofibrils

A

troponin, actin, tropomyosin, myosin, titin, nebulin

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12
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Reticulum, myofibrils, mitochondria

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13
Q

Muscle Fibers

A

T-tubules, sarcoplasm, nuclei

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14
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Cell Membrane

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15
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm

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16
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum, longitudinal tubes with enlarged ends called terminal cisternae, concentrates and sequesters Ca2+

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17
Q

T-tubules

A

continuous with the sarcolemma, allow action potentials to penetrate nearer to the internal structures of the fiber

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18
Q

Thin Filament

A

Action

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19
Q

Thick Filament

A

Myosin

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20
Q

Heavy Chains

A

motor domain, myosin ATPase

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21
Q

Light Chains

A

regulatory function

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22
Q

Regulatory Proteins

A

tropomyosin. troponin

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23
Q

Accessory Proteins

A

titin, nebulin

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24
Q

Myosin Molecule

A

Myosin tail, hinge region, myosin heads

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25
Actin Chain
tropomyosin, troponin, nebulin, G-actin molecule
26
Z band
filaments between them
27
I band
made of thin filaments only (actin)
28
A band
made of darker regions where both light and heavy filaments overlap
29
H zone
clear band in the middle of the A band, heavy filaments only
30
M line
proteins to which heavy filaments attach
31
Muscle relaxed
sarcomere shortens
32
Muscle Contracted
H zone and I band both shorten, while A band remains constant
33
Titin
elastic protein, stabilizes the position of the contractile elements, elasticity returns stretched muscles to their resting length
34
Nebulin
inelastic protein, aligns actin filaments
35
Power Stroke
myosin crossbridge swivels and pulls actin toward M line
36
End of Powerstroke
myosin releases actin and resets and binds another actin, heads are not released in unison
37
Troponin
3 protein complex, TrpC binds reversibly to Ca2+, controls position of tropomyosin
38
Rigor State
occurs when no ATP or ADP are bound to myosin, freezing, no ATP is available to release myosin
39
ACh
initiates action potential in the muscle fibers, binds to receptors on the sarcolemma, Na+ enters the cell and K+ ions exit, depolarization
40
Anaerobic Glycolysis
lactate and acid, quick, no oxygen, small amount of energy
41
Aerobic Respiration
slow, oxygen required, large amount of energy, citric acid cycle
42
Slow-twitch fibers
rely on oxidative phosphorylation, smaller diameter, darker, fatigue-resistant
43
Fast-twitch fibers
split ATP more rapidly, develop tension faster, larger diameter, pale color, easily fatigued
44
Motor Unit
one motor neuron and its muscle fibers
45
Single Twitches
muscle relaxes completely between stimuli
46
Summation
stimuli closer together do not allow muscle to relax fully
47
Unfused tetanus
stimuli are far enough apart to allow muscle to relax slightly between stimuli
48
Complete Tetanus
steady tension, tension decreases rapidly with fatigue
49
Isotonic
move loads
50
Concentric
shortening actin
51
Eccentric
lengthening actin
52
Isometric
muscle contracts but does not shorten, force cannot move load
53
Draw Sarcomere
Label All Parts
54
Sliding Filament Model
Know and Draw
55
Blood Flows down a pressure gradient
aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venues -> veins -> vena cava
56
Heart Diagram
Label atrium, ventricle, valves
57
Cardiac EC Coupling
action potential starts with pacemaker cells, Calcium induced calcium, bolted gated L-type, RyR receptors, calcium binds to troponin, crossbridge
58
Electrical Conduction
Know Map
59
P Wave
depolarization of the atria
60
QRS
wave of ventricular depolarization
61
T Wave
depolarization of the ventricle
62
P-R
AV nodal delay
63
T-P
ventricular and atrial relaxation
64
Electrocardiogram
Know Diagram
65
Diastole
cardiac muscle relaxes
66
Systole
cardiac muscle contracts
67
Stoke Volume
Know Calculations
68
Endothelium
secretes paracrine factors, regulates bp, vessel growth, absorption
69
Artery
endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle, fibrous tissue (pressure reservoir, highest bp)
70
Arteriole
endothelium, smooth muscle (variable resistance)
71
Capillary
endothelium
72
Venules
endothelium, fibrous tissue
73
Vein
endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle, fibrous tissue (major volume reservoir, one-way valves, prevents backward flow, lowest bp)
74
Angiogenesis
development of new blood vessels, controlled by cytokines, prevents disease
75
Pulsepressure
systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
76
Continuous Capillary
no openings on the wall, continuous basement membrane, CNS, Skin
77
Fenestrations
Windows, Kidney, PG, Pancreas
78
Sinusoidal
Large gaps, liver, spleen
79
Diastole
Relaxation
80
Contraction
Systole
81
Electrical Conduction
SA Node -> Internodal Pathway -> AV Node -> Bundle of His -> Prukinje Fibers
82
Which protein carries retrograde cargo along a microtubule? Actin Myosin Dynein Kinesin
Dynein
83
Which of the following is not a portion of the myosin structure? Head Neck Tail Arm
Arm
84
What surrounds a muscle fascicle? (select all that apply) Endomysium Epimysium Perimysium Loose connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue
Perimysium, Dense irregular connective tissue
85
Which of the following include both thick and thin filaments? A band H band I band M line
A band
86
What does troponin bind? (select all that apply) Actin Myosin Tropomyosin Calcium Sodium
Actin, Tropomyosin, Calcium
87
Which of the following is false about the sliding filament hypothesis? The release of Pi causes the powerstroke. The myosin head remains attached to the actin filament when there is no ATP nor calcium present. The dissociation of ATP into ADP and Pi causes the recocking of the myosin head. The addition of ATP releases the myosin head from the actin filament.
The myosin head remains attached to the actin filament when there is no ATP nor calcium present.
88
Which of the following is true about how calcium is released into the sarcoplasm of cardiac muscle cells? (select all that apply) Calcium is pumped into the sarcoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via SERCA. Calcium will enter the sarcoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via the DHPR receptor. Calcium will enter the sarcoplasm from the extracellular space via the DHPR receptor. Calcium will enter the sarcoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via the RyR receptor.
Calcium will enter the sarcoplasm from the extracellular space via the DHPR receptor. Calcium will enter the sarcoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via the RyR receptor.
89
Which of the following receptors/channels are used to pump calcium out of the sarcoplasm? SERCA RyR Ca2+ ATPase Na+/Ca2+ exchanger DHPR
SERCA, Ca2+ ATPase
90
Which of the following is true about the plateau phase of the membrane potential during muscle contraction? (select all that apply) The plateau phase occurs in both cardiac and skeletal muscle. The plateau phase occurs only in cardiac muscle. The plateau phase is due to the loss of K+ during the repolarization phase. The plateau phase is due to the presence of L-type calcium channels bringing calcium into the cell. The plateau phase is due to the constant levels of sodium in the cell after depolarization.
The plateau phase occurs only in cardiac muscle, The plateau phase is due to the presence of L-type calcium channels bringing calcium into the cell.
91
What of the following would stop muscle contraction? (select all that apply) Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by SERCA. Acetylcholine is taken up by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft. The ionotropic receptor of acetylcholine signals to stop muscle contraction. The receptors on the postsynaptic membrane are endocytosed back into the cell. Positive charges activate the DHPR receptor to allow calcium to flow out of the sarcoplasm.
Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by SERCA. Acetylcholine is taken up by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft. The receptors on the postsynaptic membrane are endocytosed back into the cell.
92
Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of microtubules? Cilia and flagella movement Muscle contractions Pigment distribution Vesicle transport Cell division
Muscle contractions
93
What constitutes a thin filament? Two f-actins One f-actins Two g-actins One g-actin
Two f-actins

Physiology (22 decks)

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