Renal Pearson

Question 1

Trace the path of an erythrocyte through the kidney circulation:
a) afferent arteriole

b) efferent arteriole

c) glomerular capillary

d) vasa recta

e) renal vein

Answer 1

afferent arteriole, glomerular capillary, efferent arteriole, vasa recta, renal vein

Question 2

If the GFR = 150 mls/min, plasma concentration = 0.1 mmole/ml, the amount reabsorbed = 8 mmole/min, and the amount secreted = 3 mmole/min, what is the amount of solute excreted?

Answer 2

150(0.1) + 3 - 8 = 10 mmole/min

Question 3

The transport process(es) utilized by the proximal tubule to reabsorb glucose include __________.

Answer 3

secondary active transport and facilitated diffusion

Question 4

Water reabsorption is controlled by hormones in the __________.

Answer 4

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Question 5

Intrinsic control of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can occur __________.

Answer 5

through myogenic regulation and via tubuloglomerular feedback

Question 6

Trace the path of fluid through the nephron:

(a) collecting duct

(b) proximal convoluted tubule

(c) glomerulus

(d) loop of Henle

Answer 6

glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, collecting duct

Question 7

Substances that are actively secreted into the renal tubule may include __________.

Answer 7

K+ and H+

Question 8

Functions associated with the loop of Henle include __________.

Answer 8

water conservation and creation of an osmotic gradient

Question 9

During micturition __________.

Answer 9

somatic motor neuron input to the external urethral sphincter is inhibited and stretch receptor activity leads to smooth muscle contraction

Question 10

The clearance of __________ is the most precise way to measure GFR.

Answer 10

inulin

Question 11

In a normal kidney, the fluid that leaves the glomerulus and enters the proximal tubule may contain __________.

Answer 11

Na+ and K+ ions and glucose

Question 12

The rate of excretion is equal to __________.

Answer 12

filtered load + secretion rate – reabsorption rate

Question 13

Hormonal regulation of Na+ reabsorption occurs in which part of the nephron?

Answer 13

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Question 14

The excretion of which substances is primarily regulated in the late distal tubule and collecting duct?

Answer 14

H2O, H+, Na+

Question 15

In which of the following locations is the osmolarity of the filtrate the greatest?

Answer 15

at the base of the loop of Henle

Question 16

Suppose that your company is developing a new drug that blocks aldosterone synthesis. You would expect that patients given this drug in clinical tests would respond with __________.

Answer 16

a higher concentration of sodium in their urine than in patients given a placebo

Question 17

The release of renin is stimulated by a decrease in __________.

Answer 17

blood volume, GFR and sodium and chloride concentration in the distal tubule

Question 18

The active transport of which of the following contribute(s) to the medullary osmotic gradient?

Answer 18

urea, chloride, potassium

Question 19

The primary function of the vasa recta is to __________.

Answer 19

maintain the medullary concentration gradient

Question 20

People suffering from central diabetes insipidus (a disorder of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland) may have increased __________.

Answer 20

plasma osmolarity and urine volume (tasteless pee, low concentration of solutes in pee, more water)

Question 21

Filtrate leaving the loop of Henle is __________ in volume and __________ to the fluid entering the loop.

Answer 21

lower; hypo-osmotic

Question 22

In the absence of ADH, which of the following will decrease?

Answer 22

Urine osmolarity and aquaporin synthesis

Question 23

The effects of angiotensin II on the central nervous system are to __________.

Answer 23

increase thirst, increase cardiac output, and cause peripheral vasoconstriction

Question 24

Angiotensin II stimulates the __________.

Answer 24

release of aldosterone and release of ADH

Question 25

Angiotensin II leads to an alteration in kidney function by __________.

Answer 25

increasing water reabsorption from the collecting ducts and increasing sodium reabsorption along the distal tubules

Question 26

When mean arterial pressure decreases, which of the following may increase in response?

Answer 26

ADH levels and water reabsorption

Question 27

When insufficient water intake leads to dehydration, compensatory mechanisms to preserve plasma volume and homeostatic osmolarity include __________.

Answer 27

increasing the amount of water that is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the collecting duct

Question 28

Hemorrhage would tend to increase the secretion of which of the following?

Answer 28

ADH, aldosterone, and erythropoietin

Question 29

Which of the following hormones will directly act on the collecting duct of the kidney to enhance the reabsorption of water?

Answer 29

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 30

Which is unlikely to be a consequence of kidney disease?

Answer 30

hyperglycemia

Question 31

The renal corpuscle is the site where __________.

Answer 31

plasma is filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule

Question 32

Which part of the nephron always has low permeability to water, regardless of hormone levels?

Answer 32

ascending loop of henle

Question 33

Tubular reabsorption __________.

Answer 33

permits reclamation of filtered items from the plasma, occurs in the loop of Henle, and is responsible for the movement of amino acids, CA2+, Cl- and water at the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 34

Urine is carried from the collecting duct to what structure next?

Answer 34

renal pelvis

Question 35

Glucose reabsorption from the renal filtrate is due to __________.

Answer 35

sequential active transport and facilitated diffusion by the cells of the proximal tubule

Question 36

Poisoning the Na-K-ATPase in the proximal tubule would likely __________.

Answer 36

decrease the amount of glucose reabsorption in this segment

Question 37

The renal filtrate is formed in the kidney's outer shell, called the __________.

Answer 37

renal cortex

Question 38

Filtrate becomes urine at the end of the __________.

Answer 38

collecting duct

Question 39

The urine of an individual will contain glucose when __________.

Answer 39

plasma glucose concentration has reached renal threshold

Question 40

In kidney renal tubules, all of the following substances normally are excreted into urine as it forms except __________.

Answer 40

glucose

Question 41

The proximal and distal tubules differ in that __________.

Answer 41

the proximal tubule is “leakier” than the distal tubule, distal tubule cells possess a higher concentration of hormone receptors compared to proximal tubule cells, and proximal tubule cells have larger numbers of mitochondria

Question 42

Which of the following substances is not secreted into the filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 42

water

Question 43

Put the following in the appropriate sequence to indicate the pathway a substance must travel to be reabsorbed: (a) basolateral membrane of the tubular epithelial cells (b) peritubular space (c) luminal membrane of the tubular epithelial cell (d) capillary pore of the peritubular capillary

Answer 43

c, a, b, d

Question 44

Which of the following would not result in an increase in GFR?

Answer 44

increased resistance in the afferent arteriole

Question 45

Factors that favor filtration at the glomerulus include __________.

Answer 45

capillary blood pressure and the concentration of proteins in Bowman’s capsule

Question 46

Secretion differs from filtration in that __________.

Answer 46

secretion is selective because it is carrier-mediated

Question 47

In and around the urinary bladder, skeletal muscle can be found in the __________.

Answer 47

external urethral sphincter

Question 48

The proximal tubule is where __________.

Answer 48

the reabsorption of the majority of ions, organic molecules, and vitamins takes place