Physiology > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

GI

A

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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2
Q

Accessory Glandular Organs

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver

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3
Q

Chyme

A

mixture of food and secretions

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4
Q

Absorption

A

across epithelium into interstitial fluid, from interstitial fluid to blood or lymph

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5
Q

Oral Cavity Digestion

A

chewing, salivary glands

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6
Q

Stomach Anatomy

A

fundus -> body -> antrum -> pylorus

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7
Q

Small Intestine Anatomy

A

duodenum -> jejunum -> ileum

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8
Q

Large Intestine Anatomy

A

colon -> rectum -> anus

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9
Q

Salivary Glands

A

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

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10
Q

Saliva Contents

A

99% water, 1% electrolytes, mucus, antimicrobial agents

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11
Q

Mucosa

A

mucosal epithelium, laminate propria, msucularis mucosae

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12
Q

Submucosa

A

connective tissue, plexus of the enteric nervous system

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13
Q

Muscularis externa

A

outer wall, consists of two layers of smooth muscle, contains myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system (oblique, circular, longitudinal)

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14
Q

Serosa

A

outer covering of digestive tract, continuation of the peritoneal membrane, which forms sheets of mesentery

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15
Q

Top to Bottom (SI)

A

villi -> crypt -> mucosa -> muscularis mucosae -> submucosa -> circular muscle -> longitudinal muscle -> serosa

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16
Q

Digestive Processes

A

Digestion, absorption, secretion, motility

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17
Q

3 Challenges of Digestion

A

avoiding auto digestion, mass balance, defense

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18
Q

Secretion

A

movement of material from cells into lumen or ECF

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19
Q

Digestion

A

chemical and mechanical breakdown or food into absorbable units

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20
Q

Absorption

A

movement of material from GI lumen to ECF

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21
Q

Motility

A

movement of material through the GI tract as a result of muscle contraction

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22
Q

_L/day of fluid pass through lumen of digestive tract

A

9

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23
Q

_L/day are consumed

A

2

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24
Q

_L/day from secretions

A

7

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25
Digestive Enzymes
secreted into the mouth, stomach, intestine, released by exocytosis, bound to apical membranes
26
Mucus
produced by mucous cells, and goblet cells
27
Muscle Contractions
moving food through the tract, mechanically mixing food to break it into uniformly small particles
28
Tonic Contractions
minutes or hours (maintains sphincters)
29
Phasic Contractions
seconds (peristalsis, segmentation, churning)
30
Cajal (pacemaker cells)
slow-wave potentials originate in these interstitial cells
31
Contraction Pattern
1. Migrating motor complex 2. Peristalsis moves bolus forward 3. Segmental contractions
32
GC-C Receptor
Regulates fluid secretion, electrolyte balance, and bowel movements
33
Migrating Motor Complex
series of contractions the begin in the empty stomach and end in the large intestine
34
Peristaltic Contractions
responsible for forward movement
35
Segmental Contractions
responsible for mixing
36
Enteric NS
controls motility, secretion and growth of the digestive system, intrinsic neurons, glial support cells, diffusion barrier, integrating center
37
Digestive Reflex Pathway
Cephalic Phase (sight/smell) -> Sensory receptors -> Cephalic brain -> Enteric neurons -> Smooth muscles/exocrine cells -> GI motility/release of bile/enzymes
38
Gastrin (G cells)
stimulates gastric acid secretion and mucosal growth
39
CCK
stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretin, inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion
40
Secretin
stimulates HCO3- secretion, inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion
41
Motilin
stimulates migrating motor complex
42
GIP
stimulates insulin release, inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion
43
GLP-1
stimulates insulin release, inhibits glucagon release and gastric function
44
Oral Secretion
salivary glands
45
Oral Digestion
Carbohydrates
46
Oral Absorption
None
47
Oral Motility
chewing, swallowing
48
Stomach Secretion
HCl, Pepsinogen, mucus, histamine
49
Stomach Digestion
Proteins, minimal fats
50
Stomach Absorption
lipid-soluble substances such as alcohol and aspirin
51
Stomach Motility
peristaltic mixing and propulsion
52
SI Secretion
enzymes, mucus, CCK, secretin, GlP, bile
53
SI Digestion
polypeptides, carbs, fats, nucleic acids
54
SI Absorption
amino acids/small peptides, monosaccharides, water, ions, minerals, vitamins
55
SI Motility
mixing and propulsion primarily by segmentation, some peristalsis
56
LI Secretion
mucus
57
LI Digestion
none
58
LI Absorption
ions, minerals, vitamins, water
59
LI Motility
segmental mixing, propulsion
60
Gastrin Family
gastrin, CCK
61
Secretin Family
secretin, VIP, GIP, GLP-1
62
Cephalic Phase
smelling, seeing, thinking about food, reflex begins in brain, anticipation
63
4 Functions of Salivary Secretions
soften, digest starch, taste, defense
64
Parotid Glands
produce watery solution of enzymes
65
Sublingual Glands
mucus-rich saliva
66
Submandibular Glands
mixed
67
Swallowing Reflex
medulla oblongata, sensory afferent cranial nerve IX
68
Parietal Cells
HCl, IF
69
Chief Cells
Pepsinogen, gastric lipase
70
D cells
somatostatin
71
G cells
gastrin
72
Gastrin
stimulates gastric acid secretion
73
Somatostatin
inhibits gastric acid secretion
74
Gastric lipase
digests fats
75
Pepsinogen
digests proteins
76
IF
complexes with vitB12 to permit absorption
77
HCl
activates pepsin, kills bacteria
78
Bicarbonate
buffers gastric acid to prevent damage to epithelium
79
Mucus
physical barrier between lumen and epithelium
80
Stomach Lumen pH
2
81
Cell Surface pH
7
82
Maximization of Surface Area
villi/crypts/brush border
83
Lacteals
transport most fats to the lymph
84
Capillaries
transport most absorbed nutrients
85
Crypt Cells
secrete ions and water
86
Islets
secretes insulin and glucagon
87
Bile Composition
bile salts, pigments, cholesterol
88
Bile Function
secreted from hepatocytes, aids in fat digestion ,stored and concentrated in gallbladder, sent to duodenum
89
Common Hepatic Duct
takes bile made in the liver to the gallbladder for storage
90
Common bile duct
takes bile from the gallbladder to the lumen of the small intestine
91
Sphincter of Oddi
controls release of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum
92
Lobules
irregular hexagonal units that hepatocytes of the liver are organized into
93
Hepatocytes
liver cells, about 70% of the surface area of each faces the sinusoids, maximizing the exchange between the blood and the cells
94
Fat Digestion
lipases, micelles, collapse
95
LI Anatomy
Ascending Colon -> Transverse Colon -> Descending Colon -> Sigmoid Colon -> Rectum
96
Appendix
Cecum
97
Gastric/Intestinal Phases
Food -> acid secretion -> pepsin/lipase -> gastric motility -> chyme SI

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