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Renal System Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney

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2
Q

Outer cortex

A

Contains 80% of nephrons (cortical nephrons)

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3
Q

Inner Medulla

A

Contains 20% of nephrons (juxtamedullary nephrons)

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4
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

site of plasma filtration with the glomerulus

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5
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

Bowman’s + glomerulus

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6
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

ascending limb passes between afferent and efferent between arterioles at the glomerulus

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7
Q

Blood Flow Through Renal

A

Renal artery -> segmental -> interloper -> arcuate -> cortical radiate -> afferent arterioles -> glomerulus capillaries -> efferent arterioles -> particular capillaries -> venues -> cortical radiate -> arcuate -> interloper -> renal vein

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8
Q

Filtration

A

renal corpuscle, filtrate created from plasma

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9
Q

Reabsorption

A

materials in the filtrate are passed back into the blood, occurs with peritubular capillaries

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10
Q

Secretion

A

material from blood into lumen of tubule, occurs with peritubular capillaries

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11
Q

__% of filtrate is reabsorbed by the proximal tubules

A

70

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12
Q

Amount Excreted =

A

amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted

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13
Q

___ L/day is filtered by the glomerulus

A

180

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14
Q

Proximal Tubule

A

isometric reabsorption of organic nutrients, ions, and water, secretion of metabolites and xenobiotic molecules such as penicillin

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15
Q

Loop of Henle

A

reabsorption of ions in excess of water water to create dilute fluid in the lumen, countercurrent contributes to concentrated interstitial fluid in the renal medulla

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16
Q

Distal Nephron

A

regulated reabsorption of ions and water for salt and water balance and pH homeostasis

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17
Q

Glomerular Capillary Endothelium

A

Fenestrated capillaries, glycocalx (negative charged glycoproteins)

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18
Q

Basement Membrane

A

more negative, glycoproteins, collagen

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19
Q

Epithelium of Bowman’s capsule

A

Podocytes, Mesangial cells

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20
Q

Podocytes

A

foot processes and filtration slits

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21
Q

Mesangial cells

A

contractile cells that adjust glomerulus diameter, also secrete cytokines involved in immune and inflammation

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22
Q

___% plasma volume entering afferent arteriole

A

100

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23
Q

__% of volume filtered at the glomerulus

A

20

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24
Q

__% of fluid reabsorbed at the proximal tubule

A

19

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25
Capillary Blood Pressure
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure, ~55 mm Hg, flavors filtration
26
Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Blood colloid osmotic, 30 mm Hg, opposes filtration (pulls fluid back to plasma)
27
Capsule fluid pressure
capsular hydrostatic, 15 mm Hg, opposes filtration
28
GFR influences
net filtration pressure, filtration coefficient
29
Net filtration pressure
renal blood flow and blood pressure
30
Filtration coefficient
surface areas of glomerular capillaries available for filtration, permeability of filtration slits
31
Increased resistance in afferent arteriole, _________ GFR
decreases
32
Increased resistance in efferent arteriole, __________ GFR
increases
33
Decreased resistance in afferent arteriole, ________ GFR
increases
34
Decreased resistance in efferent arteriole, ________ GFR
decreases
35
Autoregulation
maintains a nearly constant GFR when mean arterial blood pressure is between 80 and 180 mm Hg
36
Mygenic Response
intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes, similar to auto regulation in other systemic arterioles
37
Tubuloglomerular Feedback
paracrine control, juxtaglomerular apparatus (GFR increases, flow through tubule increases, flow past macula dense increases, paracrine signal from macula dense to afferent arteriole, afferent arteriole constricts)
38
Macula densa
detect NaCl in the filtrate
39
Granular Cells
secrete enzyme renin
40
Hormones and autonomic neurons also influence GFR by ________.
changing resistance in arterioles and altering the filtration coefficient
41
Active Transport of Na+
creates electrical gradient, anions follow Na+ creates osmotic gradient (anions), water follows leaving behind higher concentration of cations (H20), permeable solutes are reabsorbed (K+, Ca2+, urea)
42
SGLT
Na+ moving down its electrochemical gradient, pulls glucose into the cell against gradient
43
Saturation
maximum rate of transport that occurs when all carriers are occupied by substrate
44
Transport maximum
the transport rate of saturation
45
Renal Threshold
the plasma concentration at which a substance first appears in the urine (i.e. glucose)
46
Glucosuria
glucose in urine
47
What is used to measure GFR?
inulin, creatinine
48
Inulin
plant polysaccharide, freely filters, neither reabsorbed or secreted
49
creatinine
breakdown product of phosphocreatine, some secretion
50
Direct Active Transport
Na+-K+-ATPase keeps intracellular Na+ low
51
Secondary Indirect Active Transport
Na+ - decarboxylate cotransporter (NaDC) concentrates a decarboxylate inside the cell using energy stored in the Na+ gradient
52
Tertiary Indirect Active Transport
the basolateral organic anion transporters concentrates organic anions inside the cell, using the energy stored in the decarboxylate gradient
53
Proximal Tubule Reabsorptions
Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, glucose, urea
54
Proximal Tubule Secretions
PAH1
55
Ascending Limb Reabsorptions
Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+
56
Ascending Limb Secretions
Urea
57
Distal Tubule Reabsorptions
Na+, Cl-, Ca2+
58
Collecting Duct Reabsorptions
Na+, Cl-, urea
59
Net Renal Handling (Na+)
1% excreted
60
Net Renal Handling (Cl-)
1% excreted
61
Net Renal Handling (K+)
2%-150% (low to high intake)
62
Net Renal Handling (Ca2+)
1% excreted
63
Net Renal Handling (Glucose)
0% excreted
64
Net Renal Handling (Urea)
30%-50% excreted
65
Net Renal Handling (PAH1)
500% excreted
66
Micturition
process of urination, stretch receptors fire, parasympathetic neurons fire, motor neurons stop firing, smooth muscle contracts, internal sphincter is passively pulled open, external sphincter relaxes
67
Decreased BP/BV
1. Volume receptors (Sensor) 2. Increased Cardiac Output, Increased Thirst, Kidney 3. Increased ECF/ICF, Salt conservation 4. Increased BP
68
Increased BP/BV
1. Volume receptors (Sensor) 2. Decreased Cardiac Output, Kidney excretion of salts/H2O 3. Decreased ECF/ICF 4. Decreased BP
69
Diuresis
removing excess water in urine
70
Fluid leaving loop of Henle is ______ dilute than fluid entering
more
71
Distal Nephron
water permeability is under control of hormones
72
Collecting Duct
can reabsorb additional solute, filtrate can become even more dilute
73
ADH
acts on collecting, membrane recycling, graded effect, stimulate aquaporin insertion into the apical membrane with membrane recycling, secretion exhibits a circadian pattern, less urine is produced at night than during the day
74
Vasopressin Mechanism
1. Vasopressin binds to membrane receptor 2. Receptor activates cAMP second messenger system Cell inserts AQP2 water pores into apical membrane 4. Water is absorbed by osmosis into the blood
75
Control of Vasopressin Secretion
1. Decreased BP, atrial stretch (stimulus) 2. Carotid/aortic/atrial receptors (sensor) 3. Sensory neuron to hypothalamus (input signal) 4. Hypothalamic neurons that synthesize vasopressin (integrating center) 5. Vasopressin (released from posterior pituitary) (Output Signal) 6. Collecting duct epithelium (Target) 7. Insertion of water pores in apical membrane (tissue response) 8. Increased water reabsorption to conserve water (systemic response)
76
Plasma osmolarity __________ plasma vasopressin
increases
77
Vasa Recta
removes water
78
Countercurrent Heat Exchanger
allows warm blood entering the limb to transfer heat directly to blood flowing back into the body
79
Homeostatic response to salt ingestion
1. Ingest Salt 2. No change in volume, increases osmolarity 3. Vasopressin secreted, thirst 4. Increased renal water reabsorption, increased water intake 5. Kidneys conserve water, Increased ECF, Increased BP 6. Kidneys excrete salt and water 7. Osmolarity returns to normal
80
Aldosterone
controls sodium balance, produced in adrenal cortex, reabsorption of Na+ in the distal tubules and collecting ducts, targets principal cells in distal, stimulated by low blood pressure
81
Aldosterone Pathway
1. Decreased BP (Stimulus) 2. RAS Pathway (Stimulus) 3. Adrenal Cortex (Integrating Center) 4. Aldosterone (Output signal) 5. P cells of collecting duct (Target) 6. Increased Na+ reabsorption, Increased K+ secretion (Systematic Response)
82
Aldosterone Mechanism
1. Aldosterone combines with a cytoplasmic receptor 2. Hormone-receptor complex initiates transcription in the nucleus 3. Translation and protein synthesis makes new protein channels and pumps 4. Aldosterone-induced proteins modulate existing channels and pumps 5. Result is increased Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion
83
Renin-Angiotensin System
Juxtaglomerular cells secrete the enzyme renin if blood pressure decreases
84
Renin
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
85
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
86
RAS Stimuli
1. Granular cells are sensitive to blood pressure 2. Sympathetic stimulation from cardiovascular center 3. Paracrine feedback from macula densa cells
87
ANG II
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone, increases blood pressure, stimulates thirst, potent vasoconstrictors, increases proximal tubule Na+ reabsorption
88
Natriuresis
urinary Na+ loss
89
ANP
produced in atrial myocardial cells
90
BNP
produced in ventricular myocardial cells and certain brain neurons
91
Hypokalemia
muscle weakness and failure of respiratory muscles and the heart
92
Hyperkalemia
can lead to cardiac arrhythmias
93
Diabetes insipidus
low vasopressin activity
94
SIADH
high vasopressin activity

Physiology (22 decks)

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