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Immunohematology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define locus

A

location of the gene on chromosome

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2
Q

Define allele

A

one of two or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome

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3
Q

Define homozygous

A

having two identical allele for a given gene

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4
Q

Define heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a given gene

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5
Q

Define dominant

A

a gene that is always expressed whether it is resent in the homo or heterozygous state

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6
Q

Define recessive

A

a gene that is expressed only when it is in the homozygous state

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7
Q

Define co-dominant

A

both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous state (AB blood)

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8
Q

What is another word for co-dominant?

A

egalitarian

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9
Q

Define amorph

A

a gene that produces no product, even in the homozygous state

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10
Q

What is another word for amorph?

A

silent allele

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11
Q

Define phenotype

A

the detectable products of genes only discovered through the description of observed traits or the result of direct testing

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12
Q

Define genotype

A

total sum of genes present on the chromosomes with respect to the one or more characteristics, regardless of whether or not they produce detectable products

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13
Q

Define zeta potential

A

decrease in the electrical charge of RBC when it is suspended in a high ionic strength colloidal medium (albumin) also decreases the repulsion of the RBCs

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14
Q

What is the job of IgG and IgM in terms of bridging the gap between RBCs?

A

IgM bridges the gap easier because they are larger than IgG

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15
Q

What is the temperature reactivity of IgG and IgM?

A

IgG reacts at 30C-37C and IgM at 4C-27C

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16
Q

What is the effect of LISS in the Ag-Ab reaction?

A

the addition of LISS will help the rate of associated between antigen and antibody; the rate is increased by lowering the ionic strength

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17
Q

What are 4 enzymes used in the blood bank?

A

ficin, papain, trypsin, and bromelin

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18
Q

What does AHG do?

A

useful in detecting IgG and complement

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19
Q

What is dosage?

A

homozygous gives stronger reactions than heterozygous

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20
Q

What is the genotype and phenotypes of Bombay?

A

genotype-hh; phenotype-Oh

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21
Q

Which precursor type substance for ABH antigens?

A

Type 2

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22
Q

Name the two stages of RBC agglutination in correct order of sequence

A

sensitization and clumping (agglutination)

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23
Q

The reverse or backside test detects the present or absence of

A

antibodies using the patient’s serum/plasma

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24
Q

The forward test detects

A

antigens in the patient’s RBC using antisera

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25
Does Lewis cause HDN? Why?
No, because it cannot cross the placenta and because it is not fully developed in a newborn
26
What antibodies most often cause HDN?
Rh
27
What are you called if you have no Rh antigens?
Rh null
28
Are Lewis antibodies are enhanced by enzymes?
yes
29
Do Lewis antigens tend to become stronger during pregnancy?
no, they become weaker
30
Do Lewis antibodies usually occur without known RBC stimulus?
yes
31
T/F The Lewis system includes soluble antigens that are present in saliva and plasma with antigenic determinants occurring naturally on the RBC surface
False - they are made in the tissue and are not on the RBC surface
32
Do Lewis antibodies commonly cause HDN and HTR?
no, they cannot cross the placenta and they will convert in a transfusion
33
Was the Rh system the first to be discovered and by far the most significant for transfusion practice?
no, the ABO was the first to be discovered and is the most significant for transfusion
34
Do Rh Abs react more strongly at 4C than at 37C?
No, IgG likes 37C
35
Can Rh Abs cross the placenta?
yes
36
Are Rh Abs the frequent cause of HDN?
yes
37
Where would anti-A1 be found?
A2B, A3, Ax, A2
38
Where would you see mixed field agglutination with anti-A?
A3
39
What % of caucasians are secretors?
80%
40
Where would you find anti-AB antiserum?
Type O blood type
41
Anti-C antiserum will react with an individual with type?
any "C"
42
When would you do a weak D testing?
if the initial spin is negative for a donor
43
What would be a good indication of HDN testing?
serum bilirubin; DAT =; cord blood hemoglobin
44
What would you do if the DAT was positive?
do an elution and antibody ID
45
What is dolichos biflorus?
an anti-A1 lectin used to confirm the antigens on RBCs
46
Who is a good candidate for Rho-gam?
Rh-negative mothers who deliver Rh-positive babies
47
List the H substance demonstrated in order of decreasing reactivity.
O\>A2\>B\>A2B\>A1\>A1B
48
What is Landsteiner's Rule?
antibodies are present in plasma only when the corresponding antigen is not present on the RBCs
49
Why are cord cells washed?
to remove Wharton's jelly
50
What are the secretor status tests used for H substance?
inhibition and neutralization tests
51
Why is anti-AB antiserum used in the lab?
detection of subgroups of A weaker than A2
52
What does R1 convert to?
DCe
53
What does r' convert to?
dCe
54
What does R2 convert to?
DcE
55
What does r" convert to?
dcE
56
What does R0 convert to?
Dce
57
What does r convert to?
dce
58
What does Rz convert to?
DCE
59
What does ry convert to?
dCE
60
If you have MM and MN, which agglutinates more strongly? Why?
MM, due to the dosage effect. It affects more strongly in the homozygous state
61
Will time have an effect on an antigen/antibody reaction?
yes
62
Will over centrifugation cause a false negative in an antigen/antibody reaction?
no, it is more likely to give a false positive
63
Is a reaction at 4C clinically significant?
no
64
If you decrease serum:cell ratio, does it provide more antibody molecules to the antigen sites available for reaction?
no
65
Are Lewis antibodies clinically significant?
no
66
Can nonsecretors secrete ABO substances regardless of ABO group?
no
67
Name two substances that can reduce the zeta potential and allow RBCs to approach each other more closely and be agglutinated.
albumin and LISS
68
What are the some other influencing factors, besides albumin and LISS, in antigen-antibody reactions?
temperature; pH; centrifugation; amount of time; Ag:Ab concentration; ionic strength; dosage
69
What gene is necessary for the expression of ABO genes?
H
70
What type of specificity does the lectin Ulex europeaus have?
anti-H
71
What type of specificity does the lectin Dolichos biflorus have?
anti-A
72
What are the three genotypes that produce the A1 phenotype?
A1A1, A1A2, and A1O
73
What are the possible genotypes from a mating of AB and BO individuals?
AB, AO, BB, BO
74
What are the possible phenotypes from a mating of AB and BO individuals?
AB, A, B
75
What is the genotype of individuals that do not inherit the H gene?
hh
76
What is the phenotype of individuals that do not inherit the H gene?
Bombay
77
What additional antibody do Bombay individuals possess in comparison to normal O individuals?
anti-H
78
What is one reason why Lewis antibodies do not cause HDN?
the Lea and Leb Ags are not well developed at birth. anti-Lea and anti-Leb are IgM and cannot cross the placenta
79
What is the Rh negative genotypes?
dd
80
Do Rh antibodies react better at 37C than 4C?
yes
81
Do Rh antibodies cross the placenta?
yes
82
Do Rh antibodies frequently cause HDN?
yes
83
Does A3 cause mixed-field agglutination?
yes
84
Do some A2 individuals produce anti-A1?
yes, about 8%
85
Where does anti-AB antisera come from?
humans with type O blood
86
Is secretor testing useful for studying HDN?
no
87
What is the purpose of Rh immune globulin?
to prevent sensitization of the Rh negative mother to the baby's Rh positive blood
88
How do you truly designate Rh negative?
blood will not react with anti-D and proceed to weak D testing
89
Is A1 lectin useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?
no
90
Is boiled saliva useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?
yes
91
Is Ulex eruopaeus extract useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?
yes
92
Are A cells useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?
no
93
Are O cells useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?
yes
94
Why are O cells useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?
increased H antigen sites
95
What causes HDN to occur?
maternal cells lack antigen that fetal cells have, which causes sensitization
96
What population is reverse ABO grouping inadequate in?
newborns
97
What are the antisera used in detecting Rh?
anti-D, anti-C, anti-E, anti-c, anti-e
98
What is another name for F antigen?
compound antigen
99
What is present when F antigen is expressed on RBCs?
c and e inherited on the same haplotype
100
Will Dce react with anti-F?
yes
101
With R1R1 (DCe/DCe) individuals, if given dce, what antibody will most likely form?
anti-c
102
Which blood group reacts most strongly with anti-H lectin (Ulex europaeus)?
group O
103
List the five common antisera used in the determination of the probably genotypes in the Rh system.
anti-C, anti-E, anti-D, anti-c, anti-e
104
The gene complex which could produce a RBC antigen that reacts with anti-f has both __ and __ on the same gene.
c and e
105
An individual who lacks all Rh Ags on their RBCs is called.
Rh null
106
What Ig class bridges the gap between RBCs because it is bigger than IgG?
IgM
107
What Ig class reacts better at cooler temperatures?
IgM
108
What Ig class reacts better at warmer temperatures?
IgG
109
What reagent will help rate of association of antibody?
LISS
110
Reverse detects presence or absence of?
antibody using serum or plasma; antigen using RBC
111
How is Fisher-Race explained?
explains that there are three loci for three different genes
112
How is Weiner explained?
says there are three genes from one loci
113
What is the MCA-PSV?
noninvasive test to see if fetus is anemic
114
What does Wharton's jelly cause?
can cause a false positive
115
What is most often implicated in HDFN?
Rh
116
What type of linkage are Type 1 precursors?
1 to 3
117
Where are Type 1 precursors found?
plasma
118
What type of linkage are Type 2 precursors?
1 to 4
119
Where are Type 2 precursors found?
RBCs
120
What sugar comprises the H antigen?
fucose
121
What sugar comprises the A antigen?
N-acetylgalactosamine
122
What sugar comprises the B antigen?
galactose
123
What subgroup of A is most likely to produce anti-A1?
A3
124
What are some enhancement media?
LISS, PEG, and albumin
125
What are alloAb?
come from exposure to something you don't have
126
What are some invasive risks in testing for HDFN?
infection, increased sensitization of mother, induction of premature labor
127
What is DAT?
detects antibodies and/or complement in vivo
128
What is IAT?
detects antibodies and/or complement in vitro
129
What is the most common Lewis antibody?
anti-Leb

Immunohematology (7 decks)

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