EXAM 3 Flashcards
Hormone that increases blood glucose levels:
Glucagon
Secreted by the pancreas.
Production of glycogen from glucose in the liver:
Glycogenesis
Hormone that decreases blood glucose levels:
Insulin
Glycogen broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream:
Glycogenolysis
Production of glycogen from glucose in the liver:
Glycogenesis
The most common endocrine disorder:
Diabetes
Three types of diabetes:
Type I, Type II, Gestational
Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources:
Gluconeogenesis
Production of glucose from amino acids and/or glycol
This type of diabetes is from the absence of insulin:
Type I
Due to the beta cells being attacked in the pancreas and no longer able to synthesize insulin. Autoimmune disorder.
5-10% of all cases
This disorder results from the absence of, deficiency of, or resistance to insulin leading to hyperglycemia:
Diabetes
Excessive amounts of urine:
Polyuria
Excessive thirst:
Polydipsia
This gland lies on both sides of the trachea and secretes hormones that have a profound effect on metabolism, GI function, cardiac function, and growth and development:
Thyroid gland
Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
and
Thyroxine (T4)
Majority of the hormone is in the T4 form and is in circulating mode… Once it enters the peripheral tissues it converts to T3. This is the ACTIVE form.
Feedback loop for thyroid gland:
Starts in the Hypothalamus which releases TRH (thyrotropic releasing hormone which travels to the anterior pituitary)
Anterior pituitary receives the TRH which stimulates the release of the TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone).
This travels to the thyroid gland which secretes thyroxine (T4).
Once the “loop” receives negative feedback that homeostasis has been reestablished, the hypothalamus acts on this and stops releasing TRH, stopping the loop.
This cause of Hypothyroidism is an autoimmune thyroiditis:
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
This prototype is identical to endogenous insulin. It is used to decrease blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into the cell (gatekeeper):
Human Regular Insulin (Humulin R) - prototype
Administered subcutaneously or IV
Via insulin syringe, Opticlick pen, or insulin pump.
Used to decrease blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into the cell “gatekeeper”.
Both Humulin R and Novlin R are used for short duration insulin therapy.
Time at which a physiological response happens:
Onset
Time at which the max effect of drug happens:
Peak
Total length of time for physiologic response:
Duration
Adverse effects of insulin administration:
Hypoglycemia
Insulin shock
Requires immediate treatment with glucose:
Hypoglycemia
This prototype is used in the emergency treatment of hypoglycemia:
Glucagon (GlucaGen)
Used when the patient is unconscious or unable to eat/drink.
It stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen (glycogenolysis).
It increases glyconeogenesis.
Given by IV, IM, SQ
Adverse effects: nausea/vomiting, hyperglycemia
Every type of insulin has a clear appearance, except one. Which one?
Isophane insuline (NPH, Humulin N)
This is the only intermediate timed insulin.
1 - 1.5 hr onset/ 6 - 10 hr peak/ 14 -16 hr duration
How long is the onset and duration of Humulin N?
Onset: 1-1.5 hours
Peak: 6-10 hours
Duration: 14-16 hours
