Exam 3

Question 1

Instrumental Aggression (Proactive)

Answer 1

Perceived as a leader and having a sense of humor (social learning model)

Question 2

Reactive Aggression

Answer 2

Hostile attribution bias and skewed intention perception (aggression frustration model)

Question 3

Classification:

Answer 3

the logical principle that things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they have in common

Question 4

Seriation

Answer 4

The concept that things can be arranged in a logical series, such as the number sequence or the alphabet

Question 5

Like computers, people can:

Answer 5

1) Seek specific units of information
2) Analyze information
3) Express their conclusions

Question 6

Sensory Memory

Answer 6

the component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow for it to be processed (improves slightly until age 10; remains intact until late adulthood)

Question 7

Working memory

Answer 7

the component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs (improves markedly during middle childhood; function decreases greatly in late(r) adulthood)

Question 8

Long-term memory

Answer 8

the component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely (capacity enormous by the end of middle childhood; remains intact long in life)

Question 9

Gonads

Answer 9

paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males) that produce hormones and gametes

Question 10

Estradiol

Answer 10

a sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen. Females produce more estradiol than males do

Question 11

Testosterone

Answer 11

a sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones); secreted in far greater amounts by males then by females

Question 12

Primary Sex Characteristics

Answer 12

the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis

Question 13

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Answer 13

physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man’s beard and a woman’s breasts

Question 14

Body image

Answer 14

an idea of how one’s body looks

Question 15

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 15

fear of eating and gaining wait; skewed body image

Question 16

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 16

binge eating and throwing up; potential body image issues

Question 17

Binge Eating

Answer 17

excessive eating; re-occuring eating splurges

Question 18

Orthorexia

Answer 18

4th eating disorder

• over healthy
• over exercise
• tons of supplements

Question 19

invincibility fable

Answer 19

conviction that he/she cannot be overcome or harmed; death will not occur unless destiny allows it e.g., unprotected sex or speed driving

Question 20

imaginary audience

Answer 20

One is at a center stage; belief that others are constantly watching and taking notes of one’s appearance; makes adolescents self-conscious

Question 21

Knowledge base

Answer 21

a body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area

Question 22

3 factors that facilitate increases in the Knowledge Base:

Answer 22

1. past experience
2. current opportunity
3. person motivation

Question 23

Control Processes

Answer 23

mechanisms (including selective attention, metacogniton, and emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system

Question 24

Metacognition

Answer 24

“thinking about thinking,” or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one’s performance on that task

Question 25

Bilingual education (schooling)

Answer 25

A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner’s original language and the second (majority) language

Question 26

English as a Second Language (ESL)

Answer 26

Children who do not speak English are placed together and given an intensive course in basic English so that they can be educated in same classes with native speakers

Question 27

Charter schools

Answer 27

-a public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is located

Question 28

Private schools

Answer 28

a school funded by tuition charges, endowments, and often religious or other nonprofit sponsors

Question 29

Home schooling

Answer 29

education in which children are taught at home, usually by their parents

Question 30

Culture of Children (child culture)

Answer 30

The particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adults

Question 31

Social comparison

Answer 31

The tendency to assess one’s abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one’s peers

Question 32

Deviancy training

Answer 32

the process whereby children are taught by their peers to avoid restrictions imposed by adults

Question 33

Friendships

Answer 33

Relationships characterized by mutual knowledge, | esteem, affection, and respect (reciprocity, proximity)

Question 34

Peer acceptance

Answer 34

= the extent to which a child is liked by individual peers

Question 35

Aggressive-rejected

Answer 35

rejected by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior

Question 36

withdrawn-rejected

Answer 36

rejected by peers because of timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior

Question 37

Bullying

Answer 37

repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person

Question 38

What are the 3 stages of ID development?

Answer 38

1. Diffusion 2. Foreclosure 3. Moratorium

Question 39

Diffusion

Answer 39

a lack of commitment to any particular goal or role

Question 40

foreclosure

Answer 40

according to Erikson, a premature, generation oriented ID formation

Question 41

Moratorium

Answer 41

"time out" from identity searching

Question 42

4 identity contents=

Answer 42

1. religious 2. political 3. vocational 4. sexual/gender

Question 43

Pituitary

Answer 43

a gland that, in response to a signal from the hypothalamus, produces many hormones, including those that regulate growth and control other glands, among them the adrenal and sex glands

Question 44

adrenal glands

Answer 44

two glands, located above the kidneys, that produce hormones (including the “stress hormones” epinephrine [adrenaline] and norepinephrine)

Question 45

(HPA axis) hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

Answer 45

a route followed by many kinds of hormones to trigger the changes of puberty and to regulate stress, growth, sleep, appetite, sexual excitement, and various other bodily changes

Question 46

Formal operational thought

Answer 46

characterized by more systematic logic | and the ability to think about abstract ideas

Question 47

invincibility fable

Answer 47

conviction that he/she cannot be overcome or harmed; death will not occur unless destiny allows it e.g., unprotected sex or speed driving

Question 48

imaginary audience

Answer 48

One is at a center stage; belief that others are constantly watching and taking notes of one’s appearance; makes adolescents self-conscious

Question 49

deductive reasoning

Answer 49

reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics— top-down thinking

Question 50

inductive reasoning

Answer 50

reasoning from one or more specific experience or facts to a general conclusion, may be less cognitively advanced than deduction—bottom-up reasoning

Question 51

What is "parasuicide"

Answer 51

Suicide attempt

Question 52

3 consequences of drug abuse include:

Answer 52

1. body and brain are still growing 2. psychological effects 3. social effects