Exam 4

Question 1

Organ reserve

Answer 1

Extra power organs are capable of producing when needed

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

state of equilibrium maintained by the body’s physiological systems

Question 3

allostasis

Answer 3

related to homeostasis, but a longer-term adjustment system in the body

Question 4

Fluid intelligence

Answer 4

‘quick‘, flexible
requires efficient working memory
declines with age

Question 5

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 5

reflects cumulative knowledge
reflected in long-term memory functioning
gets better with age

Question 6

Expert cognition

Answer 6

accumulation of knowledge, practice, experience

Question 7

intuition

Answer 7

from rule following to experience guided expectances

Question 8

automaticity

Answer 8

from conscious processes to automatic (implicit/subconscious) processes

Question 9

strategic

Answer 9

strategies for specific tasks are efficient and flexible (strategy compensation!)

Question 10

flexibility

Answer 10

experiencing challenge under atypical situations

Question 11

The social clock

Answer 11

a timetable based on social norms

Question 12

What are the 3 things the social clock are influenced by?

Answer 12

1. Culture
2. Societal (historical) Context
3. SES

Question 13

The “Midlife Crisis”

Answer 13

a period of unusual anxiety, radical reexamination, and sudden transformation that is widely associated with middle age but which actually has more to do with developmental history than with chronological age

Question 14

Big 5 personality traits

Answer 14

1. Extroversion
2. Agreeableness
3. Conscientiousness
4. Neuroticism
5. Openness to experience

Question 15

Ecological Niche

Answer 15

the social context (and lifestyle) one chooses based on personality

Question 16

Geriatrics

Answer 16

traditional medical field specializing on aging

Question 17

Gerontology

Answer 17

multidisciplinary study of aging

Question 18

Demography

Answer 18

Population study

Question 19

All (3) fields contribute to our knowledge of aging population:

Answer 19

Demography
Geriatrics
Gerontology

Question 20

Ageism

Answer 20

= old age equals illness; “age determines who you are”

Question 21

Primary aging

Answer 21

= universal senescence

- influences organ reserve, homeostasis, the immune system

Question 22

Secondary aging

Answer 22

= physical conditions and illnesses that increase with age, but are influenced by health habits; e.g., cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, dementia

Question 23

Compression of morbidity

Answer 23

reduction of sickness before death

Question 24

Wear and tear perspective theory

Answer 24

The human body has a certain duration and get’s
eventually exhausted by ordinary life
(organ reserve and other mechanisms try to fight against this)

Question 25

Genetic Theories

Answer 25

DNA code provides a genetic clock -Growth and aging process are controlled by hormones, cellular reproduction and repair (genetically based individual differences in growth and longevity) -Genes provide an inherent maximum life span, but average life expectancy depends on societal factors

Question 26

Cellular aging theory

Answer 26

Aging occurs due to aging and damaging of the cells in our bodies

Question 27

Set Point

Answer 27

= a body weight/calorie intake that the homeostatic processes strive to maintain (healthy feelings of fullness and hunger)

Question 28

Postformal thought

Answer 28

cognitive functioning goes beyond adolescence characterized by increasing capability for abstract and dialectical thought

Question 29

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

Answer 29

Level 1 (Pre-Conventional - childhood) 1. Obedience and punishment orientation (How can I avoid punishment?) 2. Self-interest orientation (What's in it for me?) Level 2 (Conventional – adolescence) 3. Interpersonal accord and conformity (Social norms) (The good boy/good girl attitude) 4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Law and order morality) Level 3 (Post-Conventional – late adolescence/early adulthood) 5. Social contract orientation 6. Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience)

Question 30

4 gateways to attraction:

Answer 30

Physical attraction Apparent availability Frequent exposure Absence of exclusion criteria

Question 31

Frail Elderly

Answer 31

people over age 65 (often over 85) who are physically infirm, very ill, or cognitively impaired

Question 32

Activities of Daily Life (ADL's)

Answer 32

actions that are important to independent living, typically consisting of five tasks of self-care; eating, bathing, toileting, dressing, and transferring from a bed to a chair—the

Question 33

Instrumental Activities of daily life (IADL's)

Answer 33

actions (ex paying bills) that are important to independent living and that require some intellectual competence and forethought. The ability to perform these tasks may be even more critical to self-sufficiency than ADLs

Question 34

Senescense

Answer 34

The process of aging, whereby the body becomes less strong and efficient

Question 35

what are the 4 components of Expert Cognition?

Answer 35

intuition, automaticity, strategy, and flexibility

Question 36

Diathesis-Stress Model

Answer 36

stress interacts with underlying predispositions (genetic, social, or cultural)

Question 37

Social Convoy

Answer 37

a group of people providing protective social relationships - reflected in the ecological niche to some extent