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A&P Bio 245 > Exam 3: Blood > Flashcards

Exam 3: Blood Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transportation

  • Gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products

Regulation

  • pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure, fluid balance

Protection

  • Clotting, white blood cells, proteins
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2
Q

What is blood

A

Connective tissue

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3
Q

Which percentage of blood is made up of plasma?

A

55%

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4
Q

Which percentage of blood is made up of the buffy coat?

A

1%

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5
Q

Which percentage of blood is made up of Erythrocytes?

A

44%

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6
Q

What are the formed elements in the blood?

A

Red blood cells

White Blood cells

Platelets

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7
Q

The regulation of Red blood cells and platelets in circulation is

A

controlled by a negative feedback system

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8
Q

Increase of specific types of white blood cells is

A

based on response to invading pathogens or foreign antigens

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9
Q

Hemopiesis or Hematopoiesis

A

– The continual production of formed elements
– Red bone marrow primary site
– Hemocytoblasts

Hematopoietic growth factors regulate differentiation and proliferation

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10
Q

Hemocytoblasts

A

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to develop
into many different types of cells

Specific type of cell that develops is determined by growth factors around the stem cells

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11
Q

Erythrocyte

A

– Small, flexible formed elements

– Commonly referred to as red blood cells – Lack nucleus and cellular organelles

– Have biconcave disc structure

– Plasma membrane with enclosed hemoglobin molecules

– Glycolipids in plasma membrane responsible for ABO and Rh blood groups

– Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues and lungs
• Erythrocytes

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12
Q

Hemoglobin

A

– Red-pigmented protein

– Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Oxyhemoglobin (bound to oxygen)

  • Deoxyhemoglobin (not bound to oxygen)
  • Carbaminohemoglobin (carbon dioxide bound to amino group)
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13
Q

How many heme groups is hemoglobin composed of?

A

4

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14
Q

How many alpha and beta chains does hemogloibin contain?

A

2 alpha chains

2 beta chains

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15
Q

How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin bind?

Is this a weak or strong bond, what does the bond allow for in the lungs and body tissues?

A

4 oxygen molecules

fairly weak bond

allows for rapid attachment in lungs and rapid detatchment in body tissues

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16
Q

Carbon dioxide binding to hemoglobin

A

binding is fairly weak

trasport molecule from body tissues to lungs

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17
Q

Type A

A

erythrocytes with surface antigen A

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18
Q

Type B

A

erythrocytes with surface antigen B

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19
Q

Type AB

A

erythrocytes with both antigens

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20
Q

Type O

A

erythrocytes with neither antigen

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21
Q

Agglutination

A

Person gets a type of blood that contains antibodies for their blood, this leads to clumps of red blood cells, this can block vessels and prevent normal circulation

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22
Q

Hemolysis

A

rupture of erythrocytes, organ damage

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23
Q
A

Aggulation

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24
Q
A

No Aggulation

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25
When Rh is present:
Termed Rh +
26
When Rh is absent:
Termed Rh negative
27
What is the drug used to treat hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Rogam
28
Leukocyte Characteristics
– Help defend body against pathogens – Contain nucleus and cellular organelles – Do not contain hemoglobin – Motile and flexible – Most found within body tissues – Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes
29
Granulocyte
with visible granules seen with light microscope • neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
30
Agranulocytes
with smaller granules not visible with light microscope lymphocytes, monocytes
31
Diapedesis
Squeezing through endothelial cells of blood vessels
32
Chemmotaxis
Attraction of leukocytes to infection site molecules released from damaged cells or pathogens
33
Neutrophils
– Most numerous leukocyte in blood – Multilobed nucleus – Cytoplasm with pale granules when stained – Enter tissue spaces • also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes • phagocytize infectious pathogens – Number rising dramatically in chronic bacterial infection
34
Eosinophils
– 1-4 percent of leukocytes – Bilobed nucleus connected by thin strand – Cytoplasm with reddish granules – Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes or allergens – Active in cases of parasitic worm infection
35
Basophils
– 0.5-1 percent of leukocytes – Bilobed nucleus – Cytoplasm with blue-violet granules – Contain histamine and heparin
36
Lymphocyte
– Reside in lymphatic organs and structures – 20-40 percent of blood leukocytes – Dark-staining rounded nucleus – Three categories • T-lymphocytes • B-lymphocytes • NK cells
37
Lymphocyte: T-Lymphocyte
managing immune responses
38
Lymphocyte: B-Lymphocyte
becoming plasma cells and producing antibodies
39
Lymphocyte: NK cells
attacking abnormal and infected tissue cells
40
Eosinophil
41
Basophil
42
Neutrophil
43
Lymphocyte
44
Monocyte
45
Hemopoiesis: Myloid line forms what?
Erythryocytes All Leukocytes except for lymphocytes Megakaryocytes
46
Hemopoiesis: lymphoid line forms what?
Lymphocytes
47
Formed Elements in the blood: growth factors Colony- Stimulating Factors
– **Growth factors** (except erythropoietin) – **Multi-colony-stimulating factor (multi-CSF)** • increases formation of erythrocytes, all granulocytes • increases formation of all monocytes, platelets – **Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)** • accelerates formation of all granulocytes and monocytes – **Granulocytes colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)** • stimulates formation of granulocytes – **Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)** • stimulates production of monocytes – **Thrombopoietin** • stimulates production of platelets – **Erythropoietin (EPO)** • hormone produced primarily by kidneys • increases rate of production and maturation of erythrocytes
48
Formed Elements in the blood: growth factors Interleukins
Stimulate differentiation of lymphocytes
49
Red Blood Cell Life Cycle:
– Live only about 120 days – Cannot synthesize new components because they lack a nucleus – Ruptured red blood cells removed from circulation and destroyed by fixed phagocytic macrophages in spleen and liver -Breakdown products recycled • Globin’s amino acids reused • Iron reused • Non-iron heme ends as yellow pigment urobilin in urine or brown pigment stercobilin in feces
50
Leukopenia
reduced number of leukocytes increases risk of developing infection
51
Leukocytosis
slightly elevated leukocyte count may be caused by recent infection or stress
52
Neutrophilia
• increase in neutrophils • associated with bacterial infections, stress, tissue necrosis • some immature neutrophils entering count (as body makes more) • termed left-shifted differential
53
Neutropenia
• decreased neutrophil count • may occur with anemia, drug or radiation
54
Lymphocytosis
increased number of lymphocytes – viral infections, chronic bacterial infections – some leukemias, cancer of plasma cells (multiple myeloma)
55
Lymphocytopenia
decreased lymphocyte count • HIV, other leukemias, pathogenic organism in blood (sepsis)
56
Thrombocytopenia
Low platelet count
57
Hemostasis
Sequence of responses that stops bleeding • 3 mechanisms reduce blood loss after injury to blood vessels
58
Hemostasis Steps
1. Vascular spasm – Smooth muscle in artery or arteriole walls contracts 2. Platelet plug formation – Platelets stick to parts of damaged blood vessel, become activated and accumulate large numbers 3. Blood clotting (coagulation)
59
Blood Coagulation
1. Extrinsic or intrinsic pathways lead to formation of prothrombinase 2. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin 3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble) forming the threads of the clot
60
Thrombocytes
* Myeloid stem cells develop eventually into a megakaryocyte * Splinters into 2000-3000 fragments * Each fragment enclosed in a piece of plasma membrane * Disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus * Help stop blood loss by forming platelet plug * Granules contain blood clot promoting chemicals * Short life span – 5-9 days
61
Monocyte
–C-shaped nucleus –2-8 percent of blood leukocytes –Take up residence in tissues * transform into large phagocytic cells, macrophages * phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris
62
Monocyte
–C-shaped nucleus –2-8 percent of blood leukocytes –Take up residence in tissues * transform into large phagocytic cells, macrophages * phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris

A&P Bio 245 (15 decks)

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