Skeletal System

Question 1

Answer 1

Articular Cartilage

Question 2

Answer 2

Spongy Bone

Question 3

Answer 3

Epiphyseal line/ plate

Question 4

Answer 4

Compact Bone

Question 5

Answer 5

Medullary Cavity

Question 6

Answer 6

Endosteum

Question 7

Answer 7

Periosteum

Question 8

Answer 8

Distal Epiphysis

Question 9

Answer 9

Metaphysis

Question 10

Answer 10

Diaphysis

Question 11

Answer 11

Proximal Epiphysis

Question 12

6 Functions of the skeletal system

Answer 12

Support

Protection

Assist in Movement

Mineral Homeostasis

Hemopoiesis

Triglyceride (energy) storage

Question 13

4 Specific Bone Cells

Answer 13

Osteogenitor

Osteoblast

Osteoclast

Osteocyte

Question 14

Osteogenitor

Answer 14

The stem cell of bones, division

Question 15

Osteoblasts

Answer 15

Deposit bone cells, decreased blood Ca levels, matrix production

Question 16

Osteoclast

Answer 16

Formed from monocytes (white blood cells) for destroying bone tissue

Question 17

Osteocyte

Answer 17

Found in lacuna, mature bone cell

Question 18

Microscopic structure- What are the two forms of bone?

Answer 18

Compact (dense)

Cacellous (spongy)

Question 19

6 types of bones

Answer 19

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Suture

Sesamoid (bones associated with joints)

Question 20

What are the 3 parts of a long bone?

Answer 20

Epiphysis

Metaphysis

Diaphysis

Question 21

What is the structure of the Epihpysis in a long bone?

Answer 21

Articular cartilage, spongy bone, periosteum

Question 22

What is the structure of the Metaphysis in a long bone?

Answer 22

Epiphyseal plate/ line, periosteum

Question 23

What is the structure of the Diaphysis in a long bone?

Answer 23

Periosteum, Compact bone, Endosteum, Medullary cavity, Yellow marrow

Question 24

What is the periosteum and where is it found?

Answer 24

Dnese layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of joints

Question 25

What is the endosteum and where is it found?

Answer 25

Thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones

Question 26

Answer 26

Flat Bone (Frontalis)

Question 27

Answer 27

Irregular Bone (vetebrae)

Question 28

Answer 28

Long bone (Femur)

Question 29

Answer 29

Short Bone (Tarsle)

Question 30

Answer 30

Suture Bone (Smaller bones located near Occipital, Temporta and Peripheral bones)

Question 31

Answer 31

Sesamoid Bone (bones associated with joints)

Question 32

What is another word for Ossification or Bone Formation?

Answer 32

Osteogenesis

Question 33

When and where does bone growth or ossification start?

Answer 33

Begins in the embryo, 8th-12th weeks of the embryonic development

Question 34

What are the 2 types of ossification?

Answer 34

Intramembranous Endochonral

Question 35

What is another term for Intramembranous Ossification?

Answer 35

Dermal Ossification

Question 36

What bones are produced by Intramembranous Ossification?

Answer 36

Flat bones of the skull Some of the facial bones Mandible Central part of the clavicle

Question 37

When does Intramembranous Ossification start?

Answer 37

Begins when Mesenchyme (embryonic tissue) becomes thickened with capillaries, this process begins around the 6th week of the embryonic period

Question 38

List the 4 steps of Intramembranous Ossification

Answer 38

1) Formation of Ossification Center (formed by osteoblasts) 2) Calcification (hardens) 3) Formation of Trabeculae (trabeculae= woven and messy bone) 4) Development of the periosteum (connective sheath)

Question 39

Which step of Intramembranous Ossification is this?

Answer 39

Step 2

Question 40

Which step of Intramembranous Ossification is this?

Answer 40

Step 1

Question 41

Which step of Intramembranous Ossification is this?

Answer 41

Step 4

Question 42

Which step of Intramembranous Ossification is this?

Answer 42

Step 3

Question 43

When does Endochonral Ossification start?

Answer 43

Begins with a hyaline cartilage model, this process begins around the 8th to 12th week of embryonic development

Question 44

Which bones are produced by Endochonral Ossification?

Answer 44

Upper and Lower Limbs Pelvis Vertebrae Ends of the clavicle

Question 45

What are the 6 steps of Endochonral Ossification?

Answer 45

1) Development of fetal hyaline cartilage 2) Cartilage calcifies and collar forms around diaphysis 3) 1st Ossification center develops- osteoblasts are in the diaphysis 4) Development of Medullary Cavity 5) 2nd Ossification centers develop- osteoblasts in epiphysis 6) Formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate

Question 46

What is the difference between interstitial growth and appositional growth?

Answer 46

Interstitial growth is length Appositional growth is diameter

Question 47

Calcium Homeostasis What happens when calcium levels are normal?

Answer 47

osteoblasts and osteoclasts have the same activity level

Question 48

Calcium Homeostasis What happens when calcium levels are low?

Answer 48

You want Ca⁺ out of bone and into blood Parathyroid use osetoclasts to break down the bone matrix so that the Ca⁺ in blood

Question 49

Calcium Homeostasis What happens when calcium levels are high?

Answer 49

you want Ca⁺ out of blood and into bone Calcitonin released from parathyroid osteoblasts build bone to get calcium into the bone

Question 50

How does Parathyroid regulate Ca levels?

Answer 50

Parathyroid hormone causes increased osteoclasts in response to when Ca levels are low

Question 51

How does Calcitonin regulate Ca levels?

Answer 51

Calcitonin causes increased osteoblasts activity which is in response to high Ca levels

Question 52

How does Sex Hormones regulate Ca levels?

Answer 52

Activity of osteoblasts/ osteoclasts balanced Estrogen and Testosterone

Question 53

Osteoporosis

Answer 53

Demineralization and loss of bone tissue

Question 54

Osteopenia

Answer 54

Insufficient ossification- sets you on the road to osteoporosis

Question 55

Bone Spurs

Answer 55

Overgrowth of bone, usually associated with joint damage

Question 56

Rickets

Answer 56

Bending bones, lack of gone tissue, failure of bone to form

Question 57

Osteomalacia

Answer 57

Adult version of Rickets, bone is broken down and cartilage replaces it

Question 58

Paget's Disease

Answer 58

Deformed bone with irregular thinckness or thinness, painful

Question 59

Osteomylitis

Answer 59

Infection (bone tissue and marrow may be affected)

Question 60

Fracture Repair Steps

Answer 60

1) Formation of fracture hematoma (bruise) (6-8 hours) 2) Fibrocartilaginous callus formation Fibroblasts: produce collagen Chondroblasts: produce cartilage 3) Bony Callus Formation 4) Remodeling- compact bone produced

Question 61

What step of fracture repair is this?

Answer 61

step 1

Question 62

What step of fracture repair is this?

Answer 62

Step 3

Question 63

What step of fracture repair is this?

Answer 63

Step 3

Question 64

What step of fracture repair is this?

Answer 64

Step 4