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Embryology > exam 3 chp 9 > Flashcards

exam 3 chp 9 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

what is the endchondral ossification- replacing of bone?

A

splanchnchondrocranium

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2
Q

what is the intramembranous ossification- composed of membrane bones?

A

splanchnomembranocranium

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3
Q

the cartilagenus skeleton develops from?

A

visceral or brachial arches

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4
Q

humans have how many arches?

and start with how many?

A

5 arches with 5th disappearing in 1.5 days and they start with 6

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5
Q

which arch forms the palate, maxilla, meckel’s cartilage, incus and malleous (bones of ear)?

A

first arch (mandibular arch)

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6
Q

which arch forms the stapes, cranial half of the hyoid, and the lesser horn?

A

the second arch (reichert’s cartilage)
cranial half of hyoid is not attached to any bone
lesser horn is still on hyiod bone

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7
Q

which arch forms the caudal half of the hyoid, and the greater horn?

A

third arch

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8
Q

the fourth and six arches form what?

A

cartilages of the larynx

-no ossification occurs here

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9
Q

what is the region in front of the incisive fissure and between canines?

A

premaxillae

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10
Q

maxillae and the premaxillae unite to form?

A

maxilla

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11
Q

the bones in upper and lower jaw, premaxillae, and maxillae are what types of splanchnocranium bones?

A

splanchnomembranocranium

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12
Q

the bones whose ossification center begins in the 7th week of developmennt, ossify outside of meckel’s cartilage, and forms the ramus of the mandible?

A

dentary bones

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13
Q

3 characteristics of the fetal skull?

A
  • thin bones, large head
  • very large in proportion to body
  • hard for baby to hold up when born
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14
Q

the notochord offers support of the axial skeleton and is replaced by?

A

vertebral column

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15
Q

what is the modified tissue in the intervertebral disc?

A

nucleus pulposus

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16
Q

when the vertebral column is developing from somite mesenchyme sclerotomes, the caudal part is? and the cranial part is?

A

caudal- proliferates creating a densely packed area

cranial- loosely packed

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17
Q

two parts of intersegmental dvelopment?

A
  1. muscle attachment

2. nerve emergence

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18
Q

what begins at the 7thweek and starts in the cranial vertebrae and continuing into the caudal part

A

chondrification

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19
Q

the cartilaginous vertebral body that replaces the notochord and has 2 chondrification centers?

A

centrum

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20
Q

what is the medial growth on each side around the neural tube, and has one chondrification center in each side?

A

vertebral arches

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21
Q

vertebral arches do not unite to form the _______ ________ until the 3rd month after birth?

A

spinous process

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22
Q

ossification of the vertebral column begins at 9 weeks and by what month all ossification centers except two are present?

A

the 5th month all but 2 are present

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23
Q

what are the two ossification centers still not present by the 5th month?

A

Sacral region

Coccygeal region

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24
Q

what are the three ossification centers in the vertebrae?

A

one in centrum

one in each half of the vertebral arch

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25
what are the five ossification centers of a vertebrae present at puberty?
1 at tip of spinous process 1 at each tip of transverse process 2 on the rim of epiphyseal center
26
the process by which dense mesenchymal precursors of the skeleton are converted into cartilage is known as?
chondrification
27
what develops from the mesenchyme and cartilage of the costal processes?
ribs each rib has one chondrification center ossification appears in 9th week
28
the sternum unites and fuses with the ends of ribs at what week?
the 6th week
29
mesenchymal bands of the sternum are called?
sternal bars
30
smaller cartilages anterior to the sternal bars fuse with sternum become the?
Manubrium
31
what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
shoulder pelvic girdle limbs
32
upper limbs appear aound what week?
4th week
33
lower limbs appear around what week?
5th week
34
the limbs start their chondrification at what week?
5th or 6th week
35
during development the upper limbs rotate laterally to bring the elbow facing posteriorly and the extensor muscles to lie on the __________ and ________ part of the limb.
posterior and lateral part of the limb
36
during development the lower limb roataes in what direction to caus ethe knee to face ventrally and the extensor muscles to face anteriorly?
the limb rotates medially
37
which bone begins as an intramembranous bone, and ossifies before any other bone in the body with growth cartilages developing at both ends?
clavicle
38
the study of what causes (factors, origin) a disease is known as?
etiology
39
autosomal etiology means?
a problem of the 22 chromosomes that are the same in both male and female
40
sex linked etiology means?
specific to male or female
41
what is the term when there are abnormal development in cartilage or disproportionate growth patterns, that are mostly autosomal dominant, some autosomal recessive, and others are sex-linked in cause?
Chondrodystrophies
42
the term characterized by slow growth of cartilage and bone ossification?
Achondroplasia
43
what disorder is associated with small stature, megalocephaly, lumbar lordosis, short tubular bones, thoracolumbar kyphosis, and mild hypotonia. the etiology is autosomal dominate
Achondroplasia
44
what disorder in mild form is characterized by small stature, short bowed lower limbs and lumbar lordosis?
Hypochondroplasia
45
what is the term for the storage of lipids in the nervous system?
Mucopolysaccharidoses
46
An accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the mesenchyme can lead to what common problems?
cleidocranial dystosis hurler's syndrome hunter's syndrome jaw disorders
47
spina bifida Occulta is limited to components of body?
skeletal components
48
spina bifida cystica can meninges and spinal cord. what are the terms for the different types?
meningocoele- meninges only | meningomyelocoele- meninges and spinal cord
49
congenital scoliosis can come in what three types?
1. numerial variations 2. morphological variations 3 both 1 and 2
50
when the notochord is retained in the vertebral bodies leading to a lsow growing tumor is it known as?
chordoma
51
a lack of ossification of the skull at birth is known as?
cranial dysostosis
52
premature closure of the sutures of the skull combined with eye and brain deformities is known as?
Craniostenosis
53
when all sutures of the skull close prematurely (symmetrically) it is known as?
Oxycephaly
54
if all the sutures close asymmetrically?
Plagiocephaly
55
when the sagittal sutures close prematurely its known as?
Scaphocephaly
56
when the coronal sutures close prematurely its known as?
Acrocephaly
57
fusion of the digits is known as?
Syndactyly
58
a 40 cm skull and a 900 gram brain is known as?
microcephaly
59
a skull that is greater than 60cm and a brain is 1500 grams is known as?
macrocephaly
60
an absence of limbs, and an etiology of environmental factors, is known as?
Amelia
61
what disorder causes an absence or reduction of the proximal parts of limbs, and the etiology is environmental factors?
Phocomelia
62
what disorder causes an absence or reduction of the distal parts of limbs and has environmental factors as the etiology?
Meromelia
63
what disorder causes hypoplasia and fusion of the lower limbs, with an etiology that is spontaneous?
sympodia | (monopodia) mermaids's syndrome
64
what disorder causes a duplication of the distal parts of limbs, the etiology is environmental factors?
Dichiria
65
when there is a presence of extra digits and an etiology of autosomal dominant it is known as?
Polydactyly
66
the disorder that causes a fusion of the digits and an etiology of autosomal dominant it is known as?
Syndactyly
67
a disorder that is etiologically autosomal dominant and causes a shortness of the digits?
Brachydactyly
68
a disorder that is etiologically autosomal dominant and causes long digits with extra phalanges is?
Hyperphalangism

Embryology (9 decks)

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