Exam 3- Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards
(36 cards)
What maintains homeostasis?
Fluids and electrolytes
Why are fluids essential for the body?
- GI absorption of nutrients
- transport of nutrients, electrolytes, and 02 to cells
- regulation of body temp
- transport cellular wastes
- lubrication of joints and membranes
- medium for food digestion
What is the primary source of fluid loss?
URINATION. urine output.
Sensible versus Insensible
Sensible-CAN SEE via sweat, losing water and electrolytes
Insensible- respirating air, CANNOT SEE the h20 loss and no electrolyte loss. From lungs and skin.
What are the 2 diff fluid compartments?
Intracellular fluid (ICF) and Extracellular fluid (ECF)
What is the most prevalent cation and anion in ICF?
K+
P04- Phosphate-
Fluid w/in cells
What is the most prevalent cation and anion in ECF?
Na+
Chloride-
interstitial
intravascular- plasma needs blood test
6 ways to control fluid and electrolyte movement
- Diffusion- 02 from lungs to body
- Facilitated Diffusion- lock and key no ATP required
- Active Transport- 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in
- Osmosis- High to Low conc.
- Hydrostatic Pressure- BP pushes everything out of cap. beds
- Oncotic pressure
Oncotic pressure involves?
Albumins- Albumins stay in the CV system and attracts h20 & keeps fluid vol and oncotic pressure going.
What is first fluid spacing?
everything in homeostasis, normal distribution of fluid
What is second fluid spacing?
abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid..EDEMA/SWELLING
What is third fluid spacing?
Fluid accumulation in part of body where it is not easily exchanged with ECF. TRAPPED w/in compartments (pleura, cv areas, brain, synovial sac) body c/n excrete it regularly
What is ascites?
Fluid accumulation in abdominal cavity, seen in alchys.
What are S and Sx of hypernatremia?
THIRST CNS deterioration- osmoreceptors in brain not triggering thirst but body is dehydrated but doesn't drink h20 Increased interstitial fluid TIERD/LETHARGIC AGITATION SEIZURES COMA
What are two things that may be going on with hypernatremia?
- H20 loss- increased amounts of H20 loss therefore blood vol. becomes concentrated with Na+
- Sodium gain- Dietary meds cont. Na+ and kidney disfunction t/4 Na+ builds up in blood and cells crenate becoming dehydrated because h20 goes into the hypertonic blood.
What functions is Na+ associated with?
- ECF vol. and concentration
- Generation & transmission of nerve impulses
- Acid base balance
* Na+ is associated with h20, K+, and shifts
What are S and Sx of Hyponatremia?
CONFUSION N & V SEIZURES COMA CNS DETERIOATION
What causes hyponatremia and how do we replace the Na+ levels in the blood?
Increased loss of Na+ via output or drinking excess H20.
If severe, SEIZURES can occur therefor small amount of IV hypertonic saline sol. 3% NaCl is given.
What functions is K+ associated with?
CV CHANGES AND THE HEART transmission and conduction of nerve impulses maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms skeletal muscle contraction acid base balance
What food sources are rich in K+?
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
K-dur meds
stored blood products- blood transfusions
If K+ serum level is above 5.0 mEq/L pt is?
HYPERKALEMIA- elevated T-wave in EKG..ventricles repolarizing (T wave small to big) TIERD/LETHARGIC CV ABNORMALITIES DYSRHYTHMIA VEN FIB HB
What causes hyperkalemia?
Increased retention due to RENAL FAILURE or K+ sparing diuretics
Increased intake of K+
Mobilization from ICF- tissue destruction= all K+ leak into CV system
Nursing implementations for hyperkalemic pt?
- Eliminate oral and parental K+ intake
2. Increase elimination of K+ by loop diuretics, dialysis, etc
If K+ serum level is less than 3.5 mEq/L pt is?
HYPOKALEMIA- t wave big to small BRADYCHARDIA ECG CHANGES CNS CHANGES ANOREXIA N&V WEAK PERIPHERAL PULSES MUSCLE WEAKNESS
