Exam 4 Flashcards
describe how it looks. what treats it?
Cyst entamobea Histo
chromatodial,
metronidazole will not treat cysts only trophozoties (MET)
describe how it looks
Picture of plasmodium
P. Falciparum: ring(outside), pickle (gametocyte) Maurers Cleft
P. vivax : ring ( center), circle (gametocyte) schuffner’s dots
FAM ( eat pickles with the fam), VIS ( visit your fam)
what phase is this?
Malaria merozoites enter liver
Asexual phase ( humans)
exoerythrocytic phase
schizogony generates merozoites
Granulomas in brain
cerebal granulmatous caused by ectopic S. Japonicum eggs
t. cruzi : megacardia and involvemnt of the cns may produce granulomaas in the brain with cyst formation and meningoencephalits
(was japonicum or cruzi?)
mosquito for w Bancroft
biting flies and mosquito, subtropical(tropical regions) africa, madagasgar
IL-4
helminths, dendritic cells releases il 4 and il10 and tgf beta.
* il4 produced a th2
* tgf beta and il10 triggers treg
* il 4 and ige production and increased mucus production
Intestinal nematode
acaris l, vomiting , destention, abdominal pain, intenstinal obstruction and potential perforation
Parenthesis loss of vibration sense
D. Latum
Neurologic manifestations: numbness, paresthesia, and loss of vibration sense
Praziquantel - drug
Picture of ascaris lumbricoides
round white picture,
fertilized egg with 2 things,
unferetizled egg
close up of lips
AA (meeting)
treatment : albendazole (mebendazole)
pregnancy: pryantel pamoate : over the counter
needs to be metabolized first
P. Falciprum
* Accumulation of ROS from Primaquine
Rapidly metabolized and renal excretion
Albendazole
- Metabolized in the liver to active metabolite albendazole sulfoxide
○ Mostly protein-bound
○ Distributes well to tissues
○ Enters bile, CSF, and hydatid cysts
a ben in the liver
pancytopenia albendazole
-Long-term use (for CNS): abdominal distress, headaches, fever, fatigue, alopecia, increases in liver enzymes, and pancytopenia
Pancytopenia occurs when a person has a decrease in all three blood cell types.
a lumbricoides is an
intestinal nematode
i’ve met AA
machinery praziquantel
d. Latum
* drug of choice: niclosamide
○ Alternatives: praziquantel and paromomycin
S. Mansoni
* Drug of choice is praziquantel - alternative is oxamniquine
* Antihelminthc therapy may terminate oviposition but does not affect lesions caused by eggs already depositied in tissues
MOA for praziquantel
* § Increases the permeability of trematode and cestode cell membranes to calcium
□ Leads to paralysis, dislodgement and death
§ For schistosome infections, it is effective against adult worms and immature stages
§ Has a prophylactic effect against cercarial infections
luminal activity of a drug
- paromomycin : luminal ambicides : doesn’t absorb well in the lumen
- amebic colitis: metronidazole + luminal ambicides
rupture of blood cells
- P. Fal : * Inside the mosquito, the gametes fertilize, and a ruptured oocyst releases sporozoites –> move to the salivary glands of mosquitos
- § The hepatocytes eventually rupture –> release the plasmodia —> called merozoites
□ The merozoites attach to specific receptors on the surface of the erythrocytes –> enters the cell and starts the erythrocytic cycle
plasmodium
treats both cestodes and nematodes
ALBENDAZOLE (nematodes, cestodes) -mebendazole
- Broad-spectrum antihelminthic
- Drug of choice for treatment of hydatid disease and cysticercosis
○ Also used for pinworm, hookworm infections, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and strongyloidiasis
CAN - Cest, Alben, Nema
d. latum, drug, ascaris/ w. ban
Chagas treatment
BAN:
Benzidazole
American T
Nifurtimox
detection of helminths
eggs in feces
E. histolytica VF
§ Cysts
§ Pseudopods
§ Adherence of amebae to the colonic mucosal layer, epithelial cells, and leukocytes
§ Proteinases
§ Phospholipases
§ Collagenase
§ Elastase
§ Ionophore
□ Secrete immunosupression by lysing neutrophils
* Mechanism of Attachment and Receptor: Lectin and N-acetylglucosamine conjugates
drug
Contraindication with schizophrenia
- Mefloquine: prophylaxis or treatment
○ Causes psychiatric disfunction
○ Contraindication: patients with present psychiatric issues
○ Not first line and used if coartem if not available
○ Oral and bioavable, excreted in feces
Can be used in pregnancy
describe
W. Bancrofti image
worm with sheath
or big female small male
BAD : Bancrofti , albendazole, diethyl
Diethylcarbamazine citrate : 1st line
For bancrofti: Administered orally in combination with ivermectin or albendazole
primaquine G6P
- Primaquine: prophylaxis or treatment; in hepatic stage and treats dormant forms of malaria
○ Tafenoquine like primaquine but has a longer half life
○ MOA not clear possibly through generation of free radicals
○ Population of people that don’t get it have a G6P deficiency : hemolytic anemia
§ Keep up antioxidant supply and less able to neutralize free radicals (end up with hemolytic anemia)
○ Contraindication for pregnant woman: the fetus is g6p deficient
○ tafenoquine
west treatment
T Brucei gambeinse:
WEN : Eflornithine and nitfurtimox (CNS)
No Pens : Pentamidine - toxic, iv, no CNS
East treatment
T brueci Rhodesinse:
BRES: suramin : excrete renally, no cns, iv drug
MEN : melarsprol : 1st line cns, 2nd line west, iv
