Intro to Fungi Flashcards
1
Q
Ubiquitous group of organisms with a life purpose to degrade organic matter
A
FUNGI
IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
2
Q
Their strands (____) physically bind soil particles together, which helps water enter the soil and increase the earth’s ability to retain liquid
IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
A
hyphae
3
Q
KINGDOM FUNGI
A cell membrane in which ____ is the major sterol component
A
ergosterol
4
Q
KINGDOM FUNGI
Macroscopic fungi:
A
mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi
5
Q
KINGDOM FUNGI
Microscopic fungi: with two morphologies
A
hyphae and yeast
6
Q
KINGDOM FUNGI
Hyphae
A
long filamentous fungi or molds
7
Q
KINGDOM FUNGI
Yeast
A
round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction
8
Q
Adverse impact of fungi
ROLES OF FUNGI
A
- Mycoses, allergies, toxin production
- Destruction of crops and food storages
9
Q
Beneficial impact of fungi
ROLES OF FUNGI
A
- Sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins
- Decomposers of dead plants and animals
- Used in making foods and in genetic studies
10
Q
KINGDOM FUNGI
A rigid cell wall composed of
A
chitin and glucan
11
Q
MICROSCOPIC FUNGI: MOLDS
septate
A
divided by partitions
or cross-walls
12
Q
MICROSCOPIC FUNGI: MOLDS
molds are multicellular and consist of threadlike tubular structures called
A
hyphae
13
Q
MICROSCOPIC FUNGI: MOLDS
coenocytic
A
hollow and
multinucleate) or septate
14
Q
MICROSCOPIC FUNGI: MOLDS
Vegetative hyphae
A
digest and absorb nutrients
15
Q
MICROSCOPIC FUNGI: MOLDS
Reproductive hyphae
A
produce spores for
reproduction
16
Q
The colonies formed by molds are often
described as
MICROSCOPIC FUNGI: MOLDS
A
filamentous, cottony, hairy, or
woolly
17
Q
MICROSCOPIC FUNGI: YEASTS
Cells distinguished by its round
to oval shape and by its mode
of
A
asexual reproduction
18
Q
MICROSCOPIC FUNGI: YEASTS
yeasts grows swellings on its
surface called
A
buds, which then
become separate cells
19
Q
MICROSCOPIC FUNGI: YEASTS
Yeasts are usually unicellular
and produce
A
round, pasty, or
mucoid colonies on agar
20
Q
MICROSCOPIC FUNGI: YEASTS
Some form a pseudohyphae, a
chain of
A
yeasts formed when
buds remain attached in a row
21
Q
FUNGAL NUTRITION
All fungi are
A
heterotrophic
22
Q
FUNGAL NUTRITION
Majority are harmless saprobes living off
A
dead plants and animals
23
Q
FUNGAL NUTRITION
Parasites =
A
organisms that live on or within a host from which they derive benefits without making any useful contribution in return
24
Q
FUNGAL NUTRITION
Mycoses are
A
fungal infections
25
# notes:book
Yeasts: cell that reproduces by
budding or fission
26
# FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
Fungi reproduce primarily through
spores formed on reproductive hyphae
27
# FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
Can be sexual _____
meiosis, preceded by fusion of the protoplasm and nuclei of two compatible mating types
28
# FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
Can be asexual
mitosis
29
# FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
Teleomorph
the form of the fungus
producing sexual spores
30
# FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
Anamorph
the form of the fungus
producing asexual spores
31
# FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual spores consist of two general
types:
sporangiospores and conidia
32
# FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
Sporangiospores: spores produced in a ? and released from?
- containing structure or sporangia
- Have to be released from sporangium
33
# FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
Conidia: spores that are
* borne naked on specialized structures (not contained)
* Usually in free environment
34
# SEXUAL SPORE FORMATION
Spores are formed following fusion of ____ ?
two different strains and formation of sexual structure
35
# SEXUAL SPORE FORMATION
3 names of spores
Zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores
36
# SEXUAL SPORE FORMATION
Importance: sexual spores and spore-forming structures are
one basis for fungal classification
37
# FUNGAL IDENTIFICATION
Isolation on
specific media (culture)
38
Macroscopic and microscopic observation of:
## Footnote
FUNGAL IDENTIFICATION
* Asexual spore-forming structures and spores
* Hyphal type
* Colony texture and pigmentation
39
Physiological characteristics
## Footnote
FUNGAL IDENTIFICATION
* Metabolites
* Cell wall components
* Enzymes
40
Genetic makeup
## Footnote
FUNGAL IDENTIFICATION
Molecular methods
41
# TODAY’S FUNGAL EXAMPLES
Endemic dimorphic fungi
| region specific (endemic) 2 forms (dimorphic)
Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis
| History Becomes Cool
42
# TODAY’S FUNGAL EXAMPLES
Dermatophytes
| skin infections 3 types
Microsporum spp.,Trichophyton spp., Epidermophyton spp.
| MET GALA : b/c celebs show skin
43
# TODAY’S FUNGAL EXAMPLES
Opportunistic fungi
* Aspergillus fumigatus
* Cryptococcus neoformans
* Candida spp.
| As Candy Crys : takes every opportunity to infect
44
Saprobic phase: what is the temperature and form
25degree C, Mold
| mold in the Cold
## Footnote
SAPROBIC AND PARASITIC PHASES OF ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC FUNGI
45
parasitic phase: what is the temperature and form
37 degress C, yeast
| yeast in the heat
## Footnote
SAPROBIC AND PARASITIC PHASES OF ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC FUNGI
46
Mold form makes round to oval/pear-shaped conidia located on long or short terminal hyphal branches.
| what fungus?
## Footnote
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC MYCOSES
Blastomycosis
47
Blastomycosis colony type?
## Footnote
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC MYCOSES
produces white to tan, filamentous, mold colonies on standard mycologic media at 25 degrees C
48
# Dermatophytes
Blastomycosis, geographic distribution?
## Footnote
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC MYCOSES
Book
* ○ Mississippi river basin
○ Great lakes (midwest states, canada, NY and canada along St. Lawrence Rv)
○ Southeastern region of the US
○ Africa and parts of Central and South America
49
Classic form of blastomycosis is that of
## Footnote
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC MYCOSES
chronic cutaneous involvement
50
map picture
## Footnote
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC MYCOSES
states like Lousiana, florida, south/north carolina, around michigan and the great lakes
51
blue picture in the book
## Footnote
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC MYCOSES
looks like a balance beam with little pulps coming out
Blastomycosis
52
microscopic features of blastomycosis
## Footnote
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC MYCOSES
* Yeast cells are spherical, hyaline, 8 to 15 (mu)meter in diameter, multinucleated and have thick "double-contoured" walls
53
When grown at 37 degrees C, yeast phase colonies are
| blastomycosis
## Footnote
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC MYCOSES
wrinkled, folded, and glabrous
54
Microscopic: hyaline, septate hyphae with one-celled smooth conidia (25 degrees C)
Large, thick-walled, budding yeast at 37 degrees C
| what fungi
## Footnote
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC MYCOSES
blastomycosis
55
geographic location of COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS?
## Footnote
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC MYCOSES
* localized to California/arizona
* Region: central and southern California, southern arizona, southern new mexico, parts of utah and washington, and western texas
* Extends southwards into desert regions of northern Mexico and parts of Central and South America
| Southwest US
56
Found in soil/dust and growth of the fungus in the environment is enhanced by bat and rodent droppings, what fungi?
## Footnote
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC MYCOSES
COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
57
Clinical disease: initial pulmonary infection (asymptomatic), chronic pulmonary ____mycosis, disseminated ____omycosis ( cutaneous, meningitis, bone and joints) in immunocomp patients, genitourinary, opthalmic
| what fungi?
## Footnote
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDEMIC DIMORPHIC MYCOSES
COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
58
what fungi looks like square chin chin in a line?
COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
59
identification of COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
Exoantigen and nucleic acid probe tests
60
COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS Macroscopically:
white to gray, moist, and glabrous and occurs within 3 to 4 days.
*the colony enlarges into a circular “bloom.” Mature colonies usually become tan to brown or lavender.
61
Microscopically, vegetative hyphae give rise to fertile hyphae that produce alternating hyaline arthroconidia separated by empty disjunctor cells
| what fungi?
COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
62
- Natural habitat is soil with a high nitrogen content
○ Areas contaminated with exposure to pigeon or bat droppings
| what fungi?
HISTOPLASMOSIS
63
- Localized to broad regions of the ohio and mississippi river valleys in the US and occurs throughout Mexico and Central and south america
○ Have been reported after environmental disturbances in nonendemic states
East and midwest
| what fungi?
HISTOPLASMOSIS
64
HISTOPLASMOSIS has small budding
small budding yeasts within macrophages
65
○ Self-limited form of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis is marked by a
| HISTOPLASMOSIS
flulike illness with fever, chills, headache, cough, myalgias and chest pain
66
# what fungi?
- Macroscopically: colonies are slow growing and white or buff-brown in color (25 degrees C), yeast phase colonies (37 degrees C) are smooth, white, and pasty
HISTOPLASMOSIS
67
# what fungi?
Microscopically: thin, septate hyphae that produce tuberculate macroconidia and smooth-walled microconidia (25 degrees C), small oval budding yeasts produces at 37 degrees C
HISTOPLASMOSIS
68
thermal dimorphism
## Footnote
HISTOPLASMOSIS
○ a hyaline mold in nature and in culture at 25 degrees C
○ As an intracellular budding yeast in tissue and in culture at 37 degrees C
69
Opportunistic Mycoses (opportunistic pathogens)
| name 3
Aspergillus fumigatus, candida spp, Crytococcus neoformans
70
# aspergillus
Microscopically,
Grow as branched, septate hyphae that produce conidial head when exposed to air in culture and in tissue
71
# what fungi?
Branches are dichotomous and usually arise at an acute 45 degree angle
aspergillus
72
Identification of aspergillus
use a combination of antigen detection (either galactomannan or β- d -glucan) and PCR
73
morphology of CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
- Spheric to oval, encapsulated, yeastlike organisms
○ Surrounded by spheric zones or "halos" that represent the extracellular polysaccharide capsule
§ Detected with mucin stain (mayer mucicarmine)
74
# CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
- Macroscopic:
| colony type
colonies are shiny, mucoid, dome shaped, and cream to tan in color
75
# CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
Microscopically:
budding spherical cells of varying size, capsule present, no pseudohyphae, cells may have multiple narrow-based buds
76
# what fungi?
Tests for urease positive, phenoloxidase positive, and nitrate reductase negative, latex agglutination (polysaccharide capsule), LFD or EIA test for polysaccharide antigen mulicicarmine and melanin stains in tissue
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
77
what is used to treat cryptococcus neoformans
Amphotericin B plus flucytosin acutely for 2 weeks (induction therapy)
78
after a 2 week induction treatment of amphotericin b and flucytosin. what can be used for an 8-week consolidation with either oral ___ or ____?
and why?
fluconazole or itraconazole
○ AIDS patients require lifelong management
79
# candida
Macroscopic culture:
| what type of colonies do you see ?
form smooth, white, creamy, domed colonies, smooth or wrinkled morphology
Pasty white to tan and opaque
80
# what fungi?
Range from superficial mucosal and cutaneous____ to widespread hematogenous dissemination involving liver, spleen, kidney, heart and brain
candida
81
identification for candida
#laboratory diagnosis
Germ-tube test for identification of isolates to species level, - PNA-FISH, MALDI-TOF MS
- Morphology on corn meal agar, CHROMagar, rapid trehalose test
82
colonies are blue-green to gray
Aspergillus
83
characteristics of asexual spores
used to identify fungi
84
microsporum diagnostic test
microscopic examination of a skin scraping treated with KOH
