Humoral Immunity (PP) Flashcards by Medically Makk

Fc-gamma-RI (CD64) function and cell distribution?

SO 6

Explain the functional consequences of antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes and their activation.

phagocyotisis of opsonized pathogens
macrophages and neutrophils

leukocyte Fc receptors table

binds IgG1 and IgG2

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Fc-gamma-RIIB (CD32) function and cell distribution?

SO 6

Explain the functional consequences of antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes and their activation.

-Feedback inhibition of B cells, attenuation of inflammation
- macrophages, B lymphocytes, DCs, mast cells, neutrophils

leukocyte Fc receptors table

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Fc-gamma-RIIIA (CD16) function and cell distribution?

SO 6

Explain the functional consequences of antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes and their activation.

antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
NK cells

think: people died at 16
| leukocyte Fc receptors table

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Fc-epsilon-RI function and cell distribution?

SO 6

Explain the functional consequences of antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes and their activation.

activation (degranulation) of mast cells and basophils
Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils

leukocyte Fc receptors table

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FcRn function?

SO 6

Explain the functional consequences of antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes and their activation.

protects and transport IgG during transfer into breastmilk

leukocyte Fc receptors table

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Phases and Types of Humoral Immune Responses

One activated B cell may generate a few thousand plasma cells, each of which can produce? what immunoglobulin is a receptor?

copious amounts of antibody, IgM

antibody secretion

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Phases and Types of Humoral Immune Responses

what is isotype switching?

B cells may produce antibodies of different heavy-chain classes (or isotypes) that mediate different effector functions and are specialized to combat different types of microbe

IgG is receptor

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Phases and Types of Humoral Immune Responses

what is affinity maturation?

The affinity of antibodies specific for microbial proteins increases during the course of a response to microbes and it leads to the production of antibodies with improved capacity to bind to and neutralize microbes and their toxins.

IgG is receptor

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T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

what type of b cells are apart of T-independent responses are

marginal-zone b cells : in the splenic white pulp, and B-1 cells: express antigen receptors of limited diversity and make T-independent IgM responses

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T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

what type of b-cell is apart of t-dependet antibody responses?

follicular b cells

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T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

what is the outcome for t-dependent antibody responses?

antibody class (isotype)- switched, high affinity antibodies; memory b cells, long-lived plasma cells

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T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

what immunoglobulins are a part of t-dependent antibody responses?

IgG,IgA,IgE

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Features of primary and secondary antibody responses.

IgM is can show

actue infection

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T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

what t-cell helps in T-dependent activation of b cell responses?

CD4+ HELPER T-CELL

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T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

T-independent responses are

short-lived and require the direct activation of B cells by antigens in concert with signals generated by innate immune mechanisms but without a role for T cells

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T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

Antibody responses to protein antigens require T cell help, and the antibodies produced typically show

heavy-chain class switching and are of high affinity

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Phases and Types of Humoral Immune Responses

some long lived activated b cells become …

memory b cells

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T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

what is the result of a t-independent response?

mainly IgM, low affinity antibodies; short-lived plasma cells

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T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

what response is responsible for th eneed for boosters in vaccines?

t-independent antibody responses

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Features of primary and secondary antibody responses.

IgG shows that a person

had the disease or they have been vaccinated

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Features of primary and secondary antibody responses.

In secondary responses to protein antigens, there is increased ?

heavy-chain class switching and affinity maturation

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Features of primary and secondary antibody responses.

what are primary responses?

Antibody responses generated during the first exposure to an antigen, lower average affinity

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Features of primary and secondary antibody responses.

repeat exposure to a antigen is called

secondary antibody response

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Features of primary and secondary antibody responses.

In a secondary response, memory B cells are activated to produce

larger amounts of antibodies

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# Features of primary and secondary antibody responses. there are more IgM in...

primary antibody response

# Features of primary and secondary antibody responses. there are more IgG in...

the secondary antibody response

# Antigen receptor–mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes. Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is critical in regulating

early gene transcription in response to T cell receptor–mediated signals in lymphocytes

# Antigen receptor–mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) play critical roles in

inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival

# Role of Innate Immune Signals in B Cell Activation B lymphocytes express a receptor for a complement protein that promotes the

activation of these cells

# Role of Innate Immune Signals in B Cell Activation what is the most abundant complent protein in the complement system innate immune response?

When the complement system is activated by a microbe as part of the innate immune response, the microbe becomes coated with proteolytic fragments of the most abundant complement protein, C3. fragment = c3d

# Role of Innate Immune Signals in B Cell Activation B lymphocytes express a receptor for C3d called

complement receptor type 2 (CR2, or CD21)

# Role of Innate Immune Signals in B Cell Activation Engagement of CR2 greatly enhances

antigen-dependent activation of B cells by stimulating tyrosine phosphorylation of ITAMs.

# Role of innate immune signals in B cell activation. what is the 2nd time of b-cell activation?

microbial antigen binds to a tlr or a pamp

# Functional consequences of antigen receptor–mediated B cell activation. expression of proteins that promote survival and cell cycling, what is the functional consequence?

increased survival proliferation

# Functional consequences of antigen receptor–mediated B cell activation. antigen presentation, what is the functional consequence?

interaction with helper t cells

# Functional consequences of antigen receptor–mediated B cell activation. increased expression of cytokine receptors, what is the functional consequence?

responsiveness to cytokines

# Functional consequences of antigen receptor–mediated B cell activation. increased expression of CCR7, what is the functional consequence?

migration from follicle to t cell zone

# Functional consequences of antigen receptor–mediated B cell activation. generation of plasma cells,what is the functional consequence?

antibody secretion

# Sequence of events in helper T cell–dependent antibody responses. The antigen-activated helper T cells and B cells migrate toward one another and interact at the edges of the follicles, where

the initial antibody response develops.

# Sequence of events in helper T cell–dependent antibody responses. Antibody-secreting plasma cells are initially produced in the

extrafollicular focus where the antigen-activated T and B cells interact.

# Sequence of events in helper T cell–dependent antibody responses. Some of the helper T cells differentiate further into

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells

# Sequence of events in helper T cell–dependent antibody responses. these Tfh cells and some activated B cells migrate back into the follicle to form the

germinal center, where the antibody response develops fully

# Sequence of events in helper T cell–dependent antibody responses. Activated T cells reduce expression of the chemokine receptor ____ , which recognizes chemokines produced in T cell zones, and increase expression of the chemokine receptor ____

CCR7, CXCR5 | reduce ccr7 increase cxcr5

# Sequence of events in helper T cell–dependent antibody responses. Activated B cells undergo precisely the opposite changes, decreasing ___ and increasing ___ expression

CXCR5, CCR7 | decrease cxcr5 and increast ccr7

The B lymphocytes that bind protein antigens by their ## Footnote Antigen presentation by B lymphocytes to helper T cells.

membrane Ig antigen receptors endocytose these antigens

In order to generate strong antibody responses against a microbial polysaccharide, the polysaccharide is ____ (in this case, tetanus toxoid) ## Footnote The principle of conjugate vaccines: the hapten-carrier concept.

coupled to a protein

B cells internalize the antigen, process it, and present peptides attached to ## Footnote Antigen presentation by B lymphocytes to helper T cells.

class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to helper T cells

B cells that recognize the polysaccharide ingest it and present peptides from the protein to helper T cells, which stimulate the ## Footnote The principle of conjugate vaccines: the hapten-carrier concept.

polysaccharide-specific B cells.

# step 3 of process what cells induce a response to polysaccharides? ## Footnote The principle of conjugate vaccines: the hapten-carrier concept.

isotype switching, affinity maturation, and long-lived plasma cells and memory cells

Activated helper T lymphocytes that recognize antigen presented by B cells use ## Footnote Mechanisms of Helper T Cell – Mediated Activation of B Lymphocytes

CD40 ligand (CD40L) and secreted cytokines to activate the antigen-specific B cells

CD40L expressed on activated helper T cells binds ## Footnote Mechanisms of Helper T Cell – Mediated Activation of B Lymphocytes

to CD40 on B lymphocytes

Engagement of CD40 generates signals in the B cells that stimulate ## Footnote Mechanisms of Helper T Cell – Mediated Activation of B Lymphocytes

proliferation and the synthesis and secretion of antibodies

Many of the events in fully developed antibody responses occur in ## Footnote Extrafollicular and Germinal Center Reactions

germinal centers

Some of the activated helper T cells express high levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR5, which draws these cells into the ## Footnote Extrafollicular and Germinal Center Reactions

adjacent follicles

The CD4 + T cells that migrate into B cell–rich follicles are called ## Footnote Extrafollicular and Germinal Center Reactions

follicular helper T (Tfh) cells

Tfh cells and their immediate precursors in the extrafollicular focus may secrete cytokines ## Footnote Extrafollicular and Germinal Center Reactions

interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13]

the dark zone has a lot of ## Footnote Extrafollicular and Germinal Center Reactions

proliferation of B cells

Germinal center B cells in the dark zone mutate their Ig genes at an extremely high rate, a process called ## Footnote The germinal center reaction.

somatic hypermutation

light zone is where ## Footnote The germinal center reaction.

a B cell is picked and tested

B cells with the ______-affinity Ig receptors are selected to survive ## Footnote The germinal center reaction.

highest-affinity Ig receptors

what do B cells differeniate into before they leave the germinal center ## Footnote The germinal center reaction.

they differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells, which leave the germinal center

some B cells become memory or plasma cells awhile others are ## Footnote The germinal center reaction.

mirate back into the lymphoid follicle and with Tfh cells they begin to divide rapidly.

what is IgM effector function? ## Footnote Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain class (isotype) switching.

complement activation

what Ig has immunity against helminths and mast cell degranulation and is produced through cyokines (IL-4 &IL-13) ? ## Footnote Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain class (isotype) switching.

IgE

what is IgG effector function? ## Footnote Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain class (isotype) switching.

1. Fc receptor-dependent phagocytosis and phagocyte activation 2. complement activation 3. neonatal immunity (placental transfer)

what Ig has Mucosal immunity? ## Footnote Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain class (isotype) switching.

IgA, transport of Iga through epithelia

Affinity maturation is the process by which ## Footnote Selection of high-affinity B cells in germinal centers.

the affinity of antibodies produced in response to a protein antigen increases with prolonged or repeated exposure to that antigen

what region us somatically mutated in B cells? ## Footnote Selection of high-affinity B cells in germinal centers.

the Ig V genes are mutated

where to B cells with high -affinity membrane Ig bind antigens on? ## Footnote Selection of high-affinity B cells in germinal centers.

bind on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and present antigen to helper T cells

B cells with the best recogniation and can interact with Tfh cells do what? ## Footnote Selection of high-affinity B cells in germinal centers.

receive help, survive, proliferate, and differentiate

T-independent antigen ## Footnote Features of antibody responses to T-dependent and T-independent antigens.

* little to no affinity maturation * short-lived * no memory B cells

features of T-dependent antigens ## Footnote Features of antibody responses to T-dependent and T-independent antigens.

* Affintity maturation * Longlived plasma cells * produced memory B cells

Fc only binds to ## Footnote Mechanism of antibody feedback.

Fc regions on antibodies

Fc receptors block activating signals from the antigen receptor, terminating ## Footnote Mechanism of antibody feedback.

terminating B cell activation.

ITIM is ## Footnote Mechanism of antibody feedback.

an inhibition motif

Effector functions of antibodies. Review slide

FcRn is found in the endosomes of endothelial cells and phagocytes, where it binds ## Footnote Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) contributes to the long half-life of IgG molecules.

to IgG that has been taken up by the cells.

what binds in the endosome? ## Footnote Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) contributes to the long half-life of IgG molecules.

FcRn and IgG bind in the endosome

what happens after the recycling of the endosome? ## Footnote Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) contributes to the long half-life of IgG molecules.

FcRn-IgG complexes recycle back to the cell surface, where they are exposed to the neutral pH (∼7) of the blood, which releases the bound antibody back into the circulation or tissue fluid

A. Antibody blocks penetration of what? through what? ## Footnote Neutralization of microbes and toxins by antibodies.

a microbe through epithelial barrier

B. antibody blocks binding of microbes and ## Footnote Neutralization of microbes and toxins by antibodies.

infection of cells

C. antibody blocks binding of toxin to ## Footnote Neutralization of microbes and toxins by antibodies.

cellular receptor

Antibodies coat microbes and promote their ## Footnote Antibody-mediated opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes.

ingestion by phagocytes

NK cells express an Fcγ receptor called ## Footnote Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

FcγRIII (CD16)

once NK cells are activated what do they do? ## Footnote Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

kill antibody-coated cells

Mast cells express the high-affinity IgE receptor ## Footnote Immunoglobulin E – and Mast Cell – Mediated Reactions

FcεRI, which binds IgE and leads to activation of the cells

The immune response to helminthic parasites is dominated by ## Footnote Immunoglobulin E – and Mast Cell – Mediated Reactions

T helper 2 (Th2) cell activation

what cell and cytokine can activate eosinphils? what do eosinophils do? ## Footnote Immunoglobulin E – and Mast Cell – Mediated Reactions

eosinophils can be activated by the Th2 cytokine IL-5 independent of antibody and release their granule contents, which can destroy the thick integuments of helminths.

Early steps of complement activation.

Review powerpoint

The late steps of complement activation lead to the formation of a ## Footnote Late steps of complement activation.

cytolytic protein complex.

Opsonization ## Footnote The functions of complement.

Microbes coated with C3b are phagocytosed by virtue of C3b being recognized by complement receptor type 1 (CR1, or CD35), which is expressed on phagocytes.

Inflammation ## Footnote The functions of complement.

The small peptide fragments C3a and C5a, which are produced by proteolysis of C3 and C5,

Cell lysis : result in the complement system ## Footnote The functions of complement.

The MAC can induce osmotic lysis of cells

The complement system plays an important role in the

elimination of microbes during innate and adaptive immune responses.

Regulation of complement activation.

review slide

C1 inhibitor ## Footnote Regulation of complement activation.

Inhibits C1r and C1s serine protease activity

Factor I ## Footnote Regulation of complement activation.

Proteolytically cleaves C3b and C4b

FACTOR H ## Footnote Regulation of complement activation.

* Causes dissociation of alternative pathway C3 convertase subunits * Co-factor for Factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b

C4 binding protein (C4BP) ## Footnote Regulation of complement activation.

* Causes dissociation of classical pathway C3 convertase subunits * Co-factor for Factor I-mediated cleavage of C4b

Membrane co-factor protein epithelial cells, (MCP, CD46) | function? and distribution ## Footnote Regulation of complement activation.

* Co-factor for Factor |-mediated cleavage of C3b and C4b * Leukocytes, endothelial cells, epithelial cells

Decay acelerating fa (DAF) | function? and distribution ## Footnote Regulation of complement activation.

* Blocks formation of C3 convertase * Blood cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells

CD59 | function? and distribution ## Footnote Regulation of complement activation.

* Blocks C9 binding and prevents formation epithelial cells of the MAC * Blood cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells

Type 1 complement receptor (CR1, CD35) | function? and distribution ## Footnote Regulation of complement activation.

* Causes dissociation of C3 convertase subunits * Co-factor for Factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b and C4b eosinophils, * distribution: Mononuclear phagocytes,neutrophils, B and T cells, erythrocytes FDCs

microbes can block phagocytosis by ## Footnote Evasion of humoral immunity by microbes.

a hyaluronic acid capsule

inhibition of what can a microbe do to evade humoral immunity ## Footnote Evasion of humoral immunity by microbes.

inhibit complement activation

antigenic variation ## Footnote Evasion of humoral immunity by microbes.

a method of evading hurmaol immuty, so more look at the book

live attenuated or killed, bacteria ( example?) ## Footnote Vaccination strategies.

Pertussis, BCG, cholera

live attenuated viruses , examples ## Footnote Vaccination strategies.

influenza A, measles, mumps, rubella, rabies

recombinant rotein subunit vaccines ## Footnote Vaccination strategies.

HPV, HBV

modified protein ## Footnote Vaccination strategies.

tetanus toxid, diphtheria toxid

conjuate vaccines ## Footnote Vaccination strategies.

Haemophilus influenzae, strep pneumoniae ## Footnote helper t cell antibody repsonse to polysaccharide antigens

mRNA vaccines ## Footnote Vaccination strategies.

SARS-Cov2

Humoral Immunity (PP) Flashcards

(112 cards)