Intro to Helminths Flashcards by Medically Makk

Nematodes reproduction?

separate sexes

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Trematodes reproduction?

hermaphroditic (schistosome group has separate sexes)

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Cestodes reproduction?

hermaphroditic

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PATHOGENESIS OF NEMATODES (ROUNDWORMS)

what 2 worms?

Acaris lumbricoides and wuchereia bancrofti

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Ascaris lumbricoides have what type of host?

humans and swine

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Occasionally, Ascaris eggs may be found in

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

dog feces

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Ascariasis is the ____ ____ ____ helminthic infection globally

Ascaris lumbricoides

most common human

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The burden is highest in _____ & ___ regions, especially in areas with inadequate/poor sanitation

Ascaris lumbricoides

tropical and subtropical

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Common in areas where human feces are used as

Ascaris lumbricoides

fertilizer

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Infection is generally ____ to absent in developed countries, but sporadic cases may occur in rural,____ regions of those countries.

Ascaris lumbricoides

rare
impoverished

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Some cases in these areas where human transmission is negligible have direct epidemiologic associations to

Ascaris lumbricoides

pig farms

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Adult worms usually cause __ acute symptoms

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES CLINICAL FEATURES

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Heavy infections in children may cause ____ growth because of ____

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES CLINICAL FEATURES

stunted
malnutrition

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clinical feature of what worm?

High worm burdens may cause fever, vomiting, distention, abdominal pain, and intestinal obstruction and potentially perforation in very high intensity infections

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES CLINICAL FEATURES

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Because the worm has a tough, flexible body, it can occasionally perforate the intestine, creating ____ with _____ _____

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES CLINICAL FEATURES

peritonitis with secondary bacterial infection

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Migrating adult worms may cause symptomatic occlusion of the biliary tract (resulting in liver and

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES CLINICAL FEATURES

damage tissue), appendicitis, or nasopharyngeal expulsion

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Ascaris may produce pneumonitis resembling an ____ ____

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES CLINICAL FEATURES

asthmatic attack

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____ are long, slender roundworms that are parasites of blood, lymph, subcutaneous, and connective tissues

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

Filariae

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Most produce larval worms called

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

microfilariae

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Transmitted by ___ or ____

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

mosquitoes or biting flies

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W. bancrofti is transmitted by many different mosquito genera/species, depending on geographical

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

distribution: Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Culex spp., Mansonia spp., and Coquillettida juxtamansonia.

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Occurs in ____ and ____ areas

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

tropical and subtropical

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what worm?

It is currently endemic throughout Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding the southern portion of the continent), Madagascar, several Western Pacific Island nations, and territories and parts of the Caribbean

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

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_____ ____ also occurs sporadically in South America, India, and Southeast Asia

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

Bancroftian filariasis

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In some patients, there is no sign of disease, even though blood specimens may show the presence of ## Footnote WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

microfilariae

In other patients, early acute symptoms include fever, lymphangitis and ## Footnote WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

lymphadenitis with chills, and recurrent febrile attacks

The acute presentation results from the inflammatory response to the presence of molting adolescent worms and dead or dying adults within the(think in the body) ## Footnote WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

lymphatic vessels

Physical obstruction of lymph in the vessels caused by the presence of adult worms causes enlargement of the lymph nodes, including the enlargement of the extremities, the scrotum, and the testes, with occasional abscess formation ## Footnote WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

progresses to filarial elephantiasis

Affected limbs become grossly swollen; the skin may become thick and pitted, and secondary infection are frequent due to ## Footnote WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

lymphatic dysfunction

Lymphangitis, lymphadenopathy, and eosinophilia may accompany infection in the ## Footnote WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

in the early stages.

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) is a syndrome caused by immune hyperresponsiveness to ## Footnote WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

microfilariae trapped in the lungs

# what disease and worm? Patient presents with wheezing, chest pain, splenomegaly, and bloody sputum

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) ## Footnote WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

# what disease and worm? Paroxysmal cough and wheezing are usually nocturnal, weight loss, low-grade fever, and adenopathy and pronounced blood eosinophilia (≥3000 eosinophils/μl)

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) ## Footnote WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

Pathogenesis of Cestodes

review slide

One of largest tapeworms infecting humans (20 to 30 feet long)

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

Occurs worldwide, most prevalently in cool lake regions where ___ or ___ ___ is popular ## Footnote DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

raw or pickled fish

Intermediate and paratenic hosts include a wide diversity of freshwater and marine fishes, commonly ## Footnote DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

perch and pike

The global trade and consumption of wild-caught fish leads to human cases occurring regularly ## Footnote DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

outside of naturally endemic regions

# what worm? In addition to humans, other carnivorous, fish-eating mammals, and a few birds can also serve as hosts

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

# what worm? Non-human hosts include a variety of carnivorous mammals: canids, felids, bears, and mustelids

(weasels, badgers, otters, ferrets, martens, minks and wolverines) ## Footnote DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

# what worm? Dumping raw sewage into freshwater lakes contributes to propagation of this tapeworm

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

Most infections are ## Footnote DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

asymptomatic

Symptoms include epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

As many as 40% of D. latum carriers may have low serum levels of

vitamin B12 ## Footnote DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

Megaloblastic anemia

(vitamin B12 deficiency) ## Footnote DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

D. latum absorbs approximately ____ of dietary vitamin B12

80% of dietary ## Footnote DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

____ can be a long-lasting infection (up to 25 years)

Diphyllobothriasis ## Footnote DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

Aberrant migration of proglottids can cause ____ or ____

cholecystitis or cholangitis ## Footnote DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

Massive infections may cause

intestinal obstruction ## Footnote DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

# what worm? Neurologic manifestations include numbness, paresthesia, and loss of vibration sense

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

Schistosomiasis (____, ____): major parasitic infection of tropical areas; ≈230 million infections worldwide

bilharziasis, snail fever ## Footnote SCHISTOSOMA SPP.

Ways Schistosomes differ from other flukes: ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

* male and female sexes (not hermaphroditic) * oral and ventral suckers * incomplete digestive system

# what worm? Intermediate hosts are snails of the genera Biomphalaria (S. mansoni), Oncomelania (S. japonicum), Bulinus (S. haematobium)

Schistosoma Spp. | Bio-man,no melanin in japan, bul mat

# where is the reservoir? S. mansoni: most widely distributed; endemic in Africa, Saudi Arabia, Madagascar; has also become established in some South American countries (Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname) and the Caribbean

Reservoir hosts include primates, marsupials, and rodents ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

S. japonicum (Oriental blood fluke):

found only in China, the Philippines, and on the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia Despite its name, it has long been eliminated from Japan ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

 Reservoir hosts include cattle, dogs, cats, rodents, pigs, horses, and goats

 S. japonicum (Oriental blood fluke): found only in China, the Philippines, and on the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

# where is the reservoir? S. haematobium: occurs predominantly throughout the Nile Valley and many other parts of Africa

Reservoir hosts include monkeys, baboons, and chimpanzees ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

Many infections are ## Footnote SCHISTOSOMA CLINICAL FEATURES

asymptomatic ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

Disease results primarily from ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

host immune response to eggs; clinical significance directly related to number and location of eggs

A local cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction following skin penetration by

cercariae may occur and appears as small, itchy maculopapular lesions. ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

____ ___ is a systemic hypersensitivity reaction that may occur weeks after the initial infection, especially by S.mansoni and S. japonicum.

Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever) ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

Manifestations include systemic symptoms/signs including fever, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhea,

hepatosplenomegaly, and eosinophilia. ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

Occasionally, Schistosoma infections may lead to ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

central nervous system lesions.

Cerebral granulomatous disease may be caused by ectopic S. japonicum eggs in the brain, and ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

granulomatous lesions around ectopic eggs in the spinal cord may occur in S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections.

Continuing infection may cause granulomatous reactions and

fibrosis in the affected organs (e.g., liver and spleen) with associated signs/symptoms ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

Pathology associated with S. mansoni and S. japonicum schistosomiasis includes various hepatic complications from inflammation and granulomatous

reactions, and occasional embolic egg granulomas in brain or spinal cord. ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

Pathology of S. haematobium schistosomiasis includes hematuria, scarring, calcification, squamous cell carcinoma, and occasional embolic egg ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

granulomas in brain or spinal cord.

Clinical manifestations of chronic infection: hepatosplenomegaly and cirrhosis, esophageal varices, bladder neck obstruction, squamous cell bladder ## Footnote Schistosoma Spp.

carcinoma, transverse myelitis, and other forms of central nervous system involvement