Intro to Protozoans pt2 Flashcards by Medically Makk

PLASMODIUM SPP. causes

malaria

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the two species of the PLASMODIUM SPP.

P. falciparum and P. vivax infection

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how does it interact?

_______ _____ sporozoan

PLASMODIUM SPP.

Obligate intracellular

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Targets ______

PLASMODIUM SPP.

red blood cells

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Lack ______ ______ in the trophozoite state

PLASMODIUM SPP.

locomotor organelles

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Alternate between ____ & ____ and between different animal hosts

PLASMODIUM SPP.

sexual and asexual phases

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Most form specialized infective bodies that are transmitted by _____ ____ , food, water, or other means

PLASMODIUM SPP.

arthropod vectors

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what protozoan is this?

Female Anopheles mosquito is the primary vector

PLASMODIUM SPP.

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spread by ____ ____ and mother to fetus

blood transfusions

PLASMODIUM SPP.

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what protozoa

300-500 million new cases each year and 2 million deaths/year

PLASMODIUM SPP.

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LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

where does the Asexual phase take place?

human

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LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

where does the Sexual phase take place?

mosquito

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LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Infected female mosquito injects asexual sporozoites which

travel to the liver

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LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

schizogony (asexual division) generates

generates merozoites

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LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

merozoites that enter ____ in 5-16 days depending on the plasmodial species

circulation

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LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Merozoites attach to and enter

red blood cells

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LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Merozoites attach to and enter red blood
cells, convert to ________ and
multiply;

trophozoites

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LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

red cell bursts releasing ____ that differentiate into

merozoites,
gametes

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LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Mosquito draws infected RBCs; gametes
fertilize forming ____ cell which forms
____ in stomach

diploid
sporozoites

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LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Sporozoites lodge in _____ ____ ;
available to infect human host

salivary glands

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LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Infective stage

Mosquito takes a blood meal (injects sporozorites)

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LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Diagnostic stage

Ring stage : immature trophozoite,
mature trophozoite, schizont,

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Asexual phase:how do they enter?

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

During the phase in humans, sporozoites enter a capillary with the saliva of a feeding mosquito

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Exoerythrocytic phase

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Sporozoites invade the cells of the liver and undergo division and release large numbers of merozoites.

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Erythrocytic phase. ## Footnote LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

1. Merozoites enter the circulation and invade red blood cells. Infection gives rise to a prominent phase-the ring trophozoite-in blood cells. 2. Shizogony of this form produces additional merozoites that burst out and continue the infection cycle

Gametocyte phase. ## Footnote LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Some of the red blood cells enter the sexual cycle by giving rise to male and female gametocytes, which infect another mosquito when it feeds on the blood

Sexual phase. ## Footnote LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Final development occurs in the mosquito. It involves complex stages that ultimately produce the infectious sporozoite.

# what protozoa? Symptoms include episodes of chills-fever-sweating (cycle), anemia, headache, splenomegaly

PLASMODIUM CLINICAL FEATURES

# what protozoa? Symptoms occur at 48-72 hour intervals as RBCs rupture; interval depends on species

PLASMODIUM

P. falciparum is the shortest of all the plasmodia, ranging from ___ to ____ ; does not extend for months to years

7 to 10 days

P. vivax: incubation period is usually

10 to 17 days

Some species (e.g., P. vivax, P. ovale) can establish a _______ _______ phase in which the sporozoites (called hypnozoites or sleeping forms ) do not divide

dormant hepatic

The presence of these viable plasmodia can lead to the ____ months to years after the initial clinical disease

relapse of infections (relapsing malaria)

P. falciparum most ____ type; highest ____ rate in children

malignant, death

# what diease ad protoza? Complications: cerebral malaria (occlusion of capillaries in the brain), kidney failure (blackwater fever), lung edema,inflammation and tissue damage: complex deposition in glomeruli, joints, skin vessels, brain; glomerulonephritis and vasculitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, coma and death from capillary plugging, abdominal pain, rapid dehydration

malaria : plasmodium

DIAGNOSIS of Plasmodium:

BLOOD SMEARS (CDC, DPDX-MALARIA)

# what protozoa is this? Characteristic trophozoite in thin “small rings”; banana- like gametocytes; Occasionally, reddish granules known as Maurer’s clefts are observed; schizont containing merozoites ## Footnote P. FALCIPARUM VERSUS P.VIVAX

P. falciparum

# what protozoa is this? Trophozoite are large, irregular rings; gametocytes are round; Schüffner’s Dots (red granules throughout cytoplasm in erythrocytes ## Footnote P. FALCIPARUM VERSUS P.VIVAX

P. vivax

# PLASMODIUM VIRULENCE FACTORS Merozoite (non–complement-mediated attachment) to ____ ____ _____ ____ (P. vivax) | what is a virulence factor for this protozoa?

Duffy blood group antigen

# VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE/MALARIA PREVENTION Light-colored clothing (NOT Blue), covering arms & legs, clothing treated with _____

permethrin

# AMEBIASIS Causative microorganism:

Entamoeba histolytica

# AMEBIASIS An amoeba that can sometimes

lyse tissue

# AMEBIASIS Low infectious dose; most commonly spread by

fecal-oral route

# AMEBIASIS Life cycle alternates between a ____ ____ ____, and a smaller _____ ____

* large motile trophozoite * nonmotile cyst

# AMEBIASIS Trophozoite has a large ____ and lacks most other ____

* nucleus * organelles

# AMEBIASIS Trophozoite can/cannot ____ survive in the environment

cannot survive in the environment

# AMEBIASIS The mature cyst is encased in a thin tough wall and contains four nuclei and bodies called

chromatoidals (dense clusters of ribosomes)

# AMEBIASIS Cysts can/cannot ____ survive in the environment

can survive in the environment

# what protozoa? In U.S., mainly in poverty-stricken areas, among migrant farm workers,and men who have sex with men

AMEBIASIS

# AMEBIASIS look over slide 19

# AMEBIASIS Cysts survive passage through stomach, release ## Footnote Pathogenesis

trophozoites, which are passed to large intestine

Acidic pH and digestive juices stimulate cysts to release ## Footnote AMEBIASIS Pathogenesis

4 trophozoites

Trophozoites feed on mucus, bacteria to multiply; cause ## Footnote AMEBIASIS Pathogenesis

cramps, diarrhea; many strains produce cytotoxic enzyme

May penetrate intestinal lining, causing ulceration and bloody ## Footnote AMEBIASIS Pathogenesis

diarrhea called amebic dysentery

Sometimes penetrate blood vessels and are carried to liver or other organs resulting in ## Footnote AMEBIASIS Pathogenesis

amebic abscesses

Incubation period varies from a ## Footnote AMEBIASIS Pathogenesis

few days to a few months

# VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE/MALARIA PREVENTION ____ repellent on all exposed skin

Insect

# VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE/MALARIA PREVENTION Avoid being ____ when vectors are most active

outside

# PLASMODIUM VIRULENCE FACTORS Merozoite (non–complement-mediated attachment) to ______ ___ & ____ (P. falciparum) | what is a virulence factor for this protozoa?

glycophorin A and B

# what protozoa is this? * Parasited red cells (pRBCs) not enlarged * RBCs containing mature trophozoites sequestered in deep vessels * total parasite biomass = circulating parasites + seuestered parasites ## Footnote P. FALCIPARUM VERSUS P.VIVAX

P. FALCIPARUM

# what protozoa is this? * parasites prefer young red cells * pRBCs enlarged * Trophozoites are amoeboid in shape * all stages present in peripheral blood ## Footnote P. FALCIPARUM VERSUS P.VIVAX

P.VIVAX

# PLASMODIUM VIRULENCE FACTORS Mechanism of Attachment and Receptor:

Merozoite (non–complement-mediated attachment) to Duffy blood group antigen (P. vivax) or glycophorin A and B (P. falciparum)

# VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE/MALARIA PREVENTION Sleep under ______-treated insect netting

permethrin

# AMEBIASIS Adherence of ____ to the colonic mucosal layer, epithelial cells, and leukocytes ## Footnote ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA VIRULENCE FACTORS

amebae

Mechanism of Attachment and Receptor: ## Footnote ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA VIRULENCE FACTORS

Lectin and N-acetylglucosamine conjugates

4 enyzmes (-ases) ## Footnote ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA VIRULENCE FACTORS

1. Proteinases 2. Phospholipases 3. Collagenase 4. Elastase

Motility is accomplished by extension of a ___ (“false foot”) ## Footnote ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA VIRULENCE FACTORS

pseudopod

Commonly ______ in 90% of patients ## Footnote AMEBIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

asymptomatic

# what disease of protoza? Onset at 1-3 weeks; Duration: 2 weeks

AMEBIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

# what disease/protoza? Causes colitis

AMEBIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

In severe cases, ______ _____ can be fatal ## Footnote AMEBIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

acute dysentery

# what disease/protoza? May also spread to the liver or spleen causing abscesses; results in fever, nausea, vomiting,abdominal pain, and liver/spleen enlargement

AMEBIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

# what is it called? Life-threatening manifestations are hemorrhage, perforation, appendicitis, and tumorlike growths

amoebomas | AMEBIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

# AMEBIASIS PREVENTION Sanitary measures and ___ of ____ water reduce incidence of amebiasis

avoidance of untreated

# AMEBIASIS PREVENTION Killed by boiling or treatment with

iodine NOT chlorination

# prevention of what diease? Travelers to developing countries should avoid consumption of water (including ice cubes), avoid unpeeled fruits and raw vegetables, boil water, and thoroughly clean fruits and vegetables before consumption

AMEBIASIS PREVENTION

# prevention for what disease/protozoa? Water filtration

AMEBIASIS PREVENTION

# GIARDIASIS Causative microorganism:

Giardia lamblia

# GIARDIASIS ___ protozoan with two side-by-side nuclei, adhesive disc on __

Flagellated, adhesive disc on undersurface

# GIARDIASIS what contributes to this? Growing, feeding

trophozoite

# GIARDIASIS Dormant

cyst

# GIARDIASIS Cysts are

thick protective chitin-like polysaccharide walls

# GIARDIASIS Cysts can/cannot __ survive for 2 months in environment

can

# GIARDIASIS Lives in the small intestine, is/isn't ____ invasive

is not

Transmission by ___ contaminated food or water ## Footnote GIARDIASIS

fecally

Vectors ## Footnote GIARDIASIS

: flies and cockroaches

Reservoirs ## Footnote GIARDIASIS

: beavers, muskrats, cattle, coyotes, cats, and humans

World-wide distribution in ## Footnote GIARDIASIS EPIDEMIOLOGY

lakes, streams, ponds

Occurs in backpackers and campers

Hikers drinking from streams are at risk | GIARDIASIS EPIDEMIOLOGY ## Footnote US: 1.2 million cases/year; very common, especially in South America and Southeast Asia

Low infective dose (10 cysts) means ## Footnote GIARDIASIS EPIDEMIOLOGY

easily spread

Cysts infectious, remains ## Footnote GIARDIASIS EPIDEMIOLOGY

viable in cold water >2 months

Person-to-person transmission, especially in daycare centers where ## Footnote GIARDIASIS EPIDEMIOLOGY

hands contaminated while changing diapers

Common in urban areas with ## Footnote GIARDIASIS EPIDEMIOLOGY

poor sanitation

___ from other animals also implicated Sexual practices involving _____-___-contact can transmit ## Footnote GIARDIASIS EPIDEMIOLOGY

* Feces * oral-anal

GIARDIASIS PATHOGENESIS ## Footnote GIARDIASIS PATHOGENESIS

look over slide

About two-thirds of exposed individuals develop symptoms;incubation is ## Footnote GIARDIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

6-20 days

# what diease? Symptoms mild (indigestion, excessive flatulence, nausea) to severe(vomiting, explosive foul-smelling non-bloody fatty diarrhea,abdominal cramps, fatigue, weight loss)

GIARDIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

Steatorrhea ## Footnote GIARDIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

this is due to malabsorption in the small intestine | Will also have Vitamin A, E, D, and K malabsorption

Usually resolves without treatment in 1-3 weeks; some cases become ## Footnote GIARDIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

cases become chronic

Long-term carriers excrete ___ ___- in feces ## Footnote GIARDIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

infectious cysts

Risk factors for giardiasis: poor sanitary conditions, travel to known endemic areas, consumption of ## Footnote GIARDIASIS PREVENTION

inadequately treated water, day-care centers, oral-anal sexual practices | Good personal hygiene and handwashing minimize spread

Municipal chlorination does not destroy cysts, so water generally filtered to remove. How does this happen? ## Footnote GIARDIASIS PREVENTION

Killed by boiling or iodine treatment plus filtration

Hikers most effective water treatment is to boil for ## Footnote GIARDIASIS PREVENTION

one minute or use portable filter

Chemical methods are less reliable because of ## Footnote GIARDIASIS PREVENTION

Time, temperature important