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Human Anatomy > Exam 4: Ch 21 Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Exam 4: Ch 21 Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

How many times does the Human Heart beat each day?

A

100,000 times

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2
Q

How many gallons does the human heart pump each day?

A

2,000 gallons

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3
Q

How many miles of blood vessels exist in the human body?

A

60,000 miles
able to wrap the earth twice

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4
Q

3 Major types of Blood vessels and their functions

A

Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries: sites of exchange between blood and tissues
Veins: carry blood towards the heart

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5
Q

What are tunics

A

layers of the blood vessel wall

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6
Q

3 types of tunics with both names in order from innermost to outermost

A
  1. Tunica Interna or Tunica Intima
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Externa or Tunica Adventitia
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7
Q

Describe Tunica Interna

A

Borders the vessel lumen
innermost layer
thin layer of connective tissue covered by endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

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8
Q

Describe Tunica Intima

A

Borders the vessel lumen
innermost layer
thin layer of connective tissue covered by endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

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9
Q

Describe Tunica Media

A

Middle layer
composed of smooth muscle with collagen and elastin fibers
the thickest layer in arteries
strengthens vessel wall; prevents rupture from blood pressure
sympathetic nervous system: controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation of vessels

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10
Q

Describe Tunica Externa

A

Outermost Layer
Composed of connective tissue
Merges with connective tissue of neighboring structures
Anchors vessel

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11
Q

Describe Tunica Adventitia

A

Outermost Layer
Composed of connective tissue
Merges with connective tissue of neighboring structures
Anchors vessel

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12
Q

What blood vessel has the thickest walls

A

arteries

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13
Q

Which blood vessels are high pressure

A

arteries

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14
Q

What is the thickest layer in arteries

A

Tunica Media

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15
Q

What are the three classifications of Arteries with both names

A
  1. Conducting or Elastic Arteries
  2. Distributing or Muscular Arteries
  3. Resistance or Small Arteries
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16
Q

Describe Conducting or Elastic Arteries and give examples

A

Thick walls
Largest diameter
Allows low-resistance conduction of blood
withstand and smooth out large blood pressure fluctuations
elastin fivers in all 3 tunics

Ex: aorta and subclavian artery

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17
Q

Which type of artery has the thickest walls

A

Elastic or conducting arteries

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18
Q

Which type of artery has the largest diameter

A

Conducting or elastic arteries

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19
Q

Which type of artery allows for low-resistance conduction of blood

A

Elastic or conducting arteries

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20
Q

Which type of artery can withstand and smooth out large blood pressure fluctuations

A

Conducting or elastic arteries

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21
Q

Which type of artery has elastin fibers in all 3 tunics

A

Elastic or conducting arteries

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22
Q

Describe Distributing or Muscular Arteries and give an example

A

The tunica media is thick but fewer elastic fibers than conducting arteries; mostly smooth muscle
Active in vasoconstriction
distributes blood to specific organs

Ex: renal artery

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23
Q

Which type of artery has mostly smooth muscle in their tunica media

A

Distributing or Muscular Arteries

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24
Q

Which type of artery distributes blood to specific organs

A

Muscular or Distributing arteries

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25
Q

Describe Resistance or Small arteries and give the two types with functions

A

small diameters less than 0.1 mm

  1. arterioles: smallest diameter resistance artery. Regulates blood flow through capillary beds
  2. Metarterioles: Short vessels that link arterioles to capillaries.
    - no continuous tunica media
    - individual smooth muscle cells spread apart that function as precapillary sphincters that constrict to shut off flow to capillaries
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26
Q

Which type of artery has the smallest diameter

A

Resistance or small arteries < 0.1 mm

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27
Q

Which type of artery regulates blood flow through capillary beds

A

Small or resistance arteries, specifically arterioles

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28
Q

Which type of resistance artery has the smallest diameter

A

arterioles

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29
Q

Which type of artery has no continuous tunica media

A

resistance or small arteries, specifically metarterioles

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30
Q

Which type of artery has individual spaced apart smooth muscles cells that act as precapillary sphincters

A

small or resistance arteries, specifically metarterioles

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31
Q

Arterial Sense Organs

A

Monitor blood pressure and chemistry.
Transmit info into the brainstem to regulate heartbeat, vasomotion, and respiration.

  1. Carotid Sinuses
  2. Carotid Bodies
  3. Aortic Bodies
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32
Q

Describe capillaries and give the three classifications

A
  • formed by a single layer of endothelium
  • sites of exchange of material between the blood and tissues
  • short
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Sinusoids
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33
Q

Describe continuous capillaries

A

skin, skeletal muscle
most common
endothelial cells joined by tight junction
intercellular clefts which are spaces between endothelial cells
no permanent openings across vessel wall

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34
Q

Which capillary type is found in skin and skeletal muscles

A

continuous capillaries

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35
Q

Which capillary type is most common

A

continuous capillaries

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36
Q

Which capillary type has endothelial cells joined by tight junctions

A

continuous capillaries

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37
Q

Which capillary type has no permanent openings in its vessel wall

A

continuous capillaries

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38
Q

Describe fenestrated capillaries

A

found in the kidney, small intestine, and endocrine glands.
the capillary wall contains filtration pores which are permanent openings in the wall.
described as “leaky”
important in organs responsible for absorption or filtration

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39
Q

Which capillary type is found in organs responsible for absorption or filtration

A

fenestrated capillaries

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40
Q

Which capillary type has filtration pores in the vessel wall

A

fenestrated capillaries

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41
Q

Which capillary type is described as “leaky”

A

fenestrated capillaries

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42
Q

Describe sinusoids

A

found in bone marrow, liver, and spleen.
Endothelium is discontinuous.
No basal lamina present.
Large fenestrations may be present in endothelial cells.
irregular blood-filled spaces

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43
Q

Which capillary type is found in bone marrow, liver, and spleen

A

sinusoids

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44
Q

Which capillary type has a discontinuous endothelium

A

sinusoids

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45
Q

Which capillary type has no basal lamina present

A

sinusoids

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46
Q

Which capillary type has irregular blood-filled spaces

A

sinusoids

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47
Q

Which capillary type may have large fenestrations in endothelial cells

A

sinusoids

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48
Q

Describe veins and list the 5 classifications in merging order

A
  • capacitance vessels: largest volume of blood: 64%
  • low pressure vessels
  • walls are thinner than arteries
  • larger lumens than arteries
  • blood pressure averages 10 mm Hg
  • blood flow through veins is steady
  1. postcapillary venules
  2. muscular venules
  3. medium veins
  4. large veins
  5. venous sinuses
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49
Q

How much of the total blood volume is contained in the veins

A

64%

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50
Q

How much of the total blood volume is contained in the arteries

A

15%

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51
Q

What blood vessels are low pressure

A

veins

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52
Q

Which blood vessels have the larger lumens

A

veins

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53
Q

Which blood vessel pulsates the flow of blood

A

arteries

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54
Q

Which blood vessel has a steady flow of blood

A

veins

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55
Q

What is the average blood pressure in veins

A

10 mm Hg

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56
Q

Describe Postcapillary veins

A
  • composed of endothelium
  • larger diameter than capillaries
  • smallest veins
  • no muscle in walls
  • more porous than capillaries
  • most leukocytes enter connective tissue across their walls
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57
Q

describe muscular venules

A
  • merge from postcapillary venules into medium veins
  • tunica media becomes present
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58
Q

describe medium veins

A
  • merge from muscular venules and into large veins
  • all 3 tunics present
  • valves present in some. valves are extensions of the tunica intima that prevent backflow
  • tunica externa is the thickest layer
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59
Q

describe large veins

A
  • merge from medium veins
  • smooth muscle in all 3 tunics
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60
Q

describe venous sinuses and give example

A
  • very thin walls
  • large lumens
  • no smooth muscle in wall
  • not capable of vasomotion like other veins

Ex: coronary sinus

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61
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

blood vessels conducting oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and returning oxygen-poor blood back to the heart

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62
Q

Aortic arch branches into

A

left to right
1. brachiocephalic trunk
2. left common carotid
3. left subclavian arteries

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63
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk gives rise to

A

right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

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64
Q

Descending aorta names and branches

A

called the thoracic aorta above the diaphragm and abdominal aorta below the diaphragm.
branches into right and left common iliac arteries

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65
Q

What 4 pairs of arteries supply the head and neck region

A
  1. common carotid arteries
  2. vertebral arteries
  3. thyrocervical trunks
  4. costocervical trunks
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66
Q

Which head and neck arteries arise from the subclavian artery

A
  1. vertebral arteries
  2. Thyrocervical trunks
  3. costocervical trunks
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67
Q

Where do the common carotid arteries branch from and what do they give rise to

A
  • right common carotid branches from the brachiocephalic trunk
  • left common carotid branches from aortic arch
  • both give rise to a external carotid artery and an internal carotid artery
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68
Q

What do he external carotid arteries supply

A

supplies most external structures except orbits

69
Q

what do the internal carotid arteries supply

A

supplies orbits and 80% of cerebrum
- Enters cranial cavity through carotid canal of temporal bone

70
Q

What do the vertebral arteries supply

A

supplies the posterior region of brain

71
Q

What do the thyrocervical trunks supply

A

supplies the thyroid gland and scapular muscles

72
Q

what do the costocervical trunks supply

A

supplies to deep neck muscles

73
Q

Cerebral Arterial Circle’s other name

A

Circle of Willis

74
Q

Cerebral Arterial Circle supplies what

A

it supplies blood to the majority of the cerebrum

75
Q

What is the Cerebral Arterial Circle

A

it is an arterial anastomosis

76
Q

Where is the Cerebral Arterial Circle

A

It surrounds the pituitary gland and optic chasm

77
Q

What arteries supply the Cerebral Arterial Circle

A

The internal carotid arteries and basilar artery

78
Q

What arteries are considered the primary paired arteries of the Cerebral Arterial Circle

A
  1. Anterior cerebral arteries - terminal branches of internal carotids
  2. Internal carotid arteries
  3. Posterior cerebral arteries - terminal branches of basilar artery
79
Q

What arteries are considered the connecting arteries of the Cerebral Arterial Circle and what do they connect

A
  1. Anterior communicating artery - connects anterior cerebral arteries
  2. Posterior communicating arteries - connect carotids to posterior cerebral arteries
80
Q

Visceral branches of thoracic aorta and function

A

They all serve viscera in the thoracic cavity
1. Bronchial arteries - usually 2 on the left and 1 on the right. Supply bronchi, bronchioles, larger pulmonary vessels, visceral pleura, pericardium, and esophagus
2. Esophageal arteries - supply blood to the esophagus.
3. Mediastinal arteries - supply blood to the posterior mediastinum

81
Q

What arteries serve the viscera in the thoracic cavity

A

Visceral branches of thoracic aorta

82
Q

What artery branches from the thoracic aorta and supplies bronchi and bronchioles

A

Bronchial arteries

83
Q

Which arteries branch from the thoracic aorta and supplies the esophagus

A

Esophageal and Bronchial arteries

84
Q

Which artery branches from the thoracic aorta and supplies the posterior mediastinum

A

Mediastinal arteries

85
Q

Parietal Branches of Thoracic aorta

A

supply the muscles/bones/skin of the thoracic cavity.

  1. Superior phrenic arteries - supply the diaphragm (superior and posterior)
86
Q

What artery supplies the superior and posterior diaphragm

A

superior phrenic arteries

86
Q

What arteries supply the muscles, bones, and skin of the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal branches of thoracic aorta
superior phrenic arteries

87
Q

Branches of the Subclavian artery

A
  1. Posterior intercostal arteries - enlarged in females, supplies breasts and other areas.
  2. Subcostal arteries
  3. Internal Thoracic artery (mammary) - supplies breast and anterior body wall
88
Q

What artery is known as the mammary artery

A

The internal thoracic artery

89
Q

Where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery

A

the margin of the 1st rib

90
Q

Branches of the axillary branches and functions

A
  1. thoracoacromial artery - supplies superior shoulder and pectoral regions
  2. lateral thoracic artery - supplies lateral structures of the thorax and breast
  3. subscapular artery - supplies blood to muscles of scapula and shoulder
  4. Anterior/Posterior circumflex humeral arteries - supplies blood to shoulder joint and deltoids
91
Q

Arteries of the Upper Limb and functions

A
  1. Brachial artery: continuation of axillary artery beyond the circumflex humeral arteries; supplies blood to anterior flexors of the arm; most common site of blood pressure measurements.
    - It gives rise to:
  2. Radial Artery: runes along the lateral side of the forearm by the radius; serves lateral forearm muscles; common place to take pulse
  3. Ulnar Artery: runes along the medial side of the forearm by the ulna; serves medial forearm muscles
    - Which both give rise to:
    Palmar Arches: anastomoses of the radial and ulnar arteries at wrist
92
Q

What artery supplies the superior shoulder and pectoral regions

A

thoracoacromial artery

93
Q

What artery supplies lateral structures of the thorax and breast

A

lateral thoracic artery

94
Q

what artery supplies blood to the muscles of scapula and shoulder

A

subscapular artery

95
Q

what artery supplies blood to the shoulder joint and scapula

A

Anterior/posterior circumflex humeral arteries

96
Q

This artery is commonly used to measure blood pressure

A

brachial artery

97
Q

This artery is commonly used to take a pulse in the arm

A

Radial artery

98
Q

This artery supplies blood to the anterior flexors of the arm

A

brachial artery

99
Q

Major Branches of the Abdominal Aorta and functions

A
  1. Inferior phrenic arteries: supply the inferior surface of the diaphragm
  2. Celiac trunk: short, slightly longer than 1 cm - supplies upper abdominal viscera
  3. Superior mesenteric artery
  4. Middle suprarenal arteries: supply blood to the adrenal glands
  5. Renal arteries: supply blood to the kidneys
  6. Ovarian or Testicular Arteries (Gonadal arteries): supply blood to the ovaries/testes
  7. Inferior mesenteric artery
  8. Common Iliac arteries: originate branching of the inferior end of the aorta - each branch forms an internal and external iliac artery
100
Q

3 branches of the celiac trunk and their functions

A
  1. common hepatic artery: branches and supplies the stomach, head of the pancreas, part of the duodenum, liver, and gallbladder
  2. Left gastric artery: supplies the stomach
  3. Splenic artery: supplies the spleen
101
Q

What arteries supply the kidneys?

A

Renal arteries

102
Q

What arteries supply the adrenal glands

A

suprarenal arteries

103
Q

What arteries supply the gonads

A

gonadal arteries

104
Q

What arteries supply the upper abdominal viscera

A

celiac trunk

105
Q

What arteries supply the inferior surface of the diaphragm

A

Inferior phrenic arteries

106
Q

what arteries supply the stomach

A

common hepatic artery and the left gastric artery

107
Q

what arteries supply the spleen

A

splenic artery

108
Q

Mesenteric arteries functions and branches

A

Both mesenteric arteries branch from the abdominal aorta.
1. Superior mesenteric artery: Major blood supply to the intestines
- its branches collectively supply blood to most of the small intestine and the proximal half of the large intestine
2. Inferior mesenteric artery
- its branches collectively supply blood to the distal half of the large intestine

109
Q

What artery primarily supplies the small intestine and half of the large intestine

A

Superior mesenteric artery

110
Q

What artery supplies the distal half of the large intestine

A

inferior mesenteric artery

111
Q

What are the arteries of the pelvic region to the knee and their functions

A
  1. Internal iliac arteries: supply blood to the pelvic wall and viscera
  2. External iliac arteries: supply lower limbs. It becomes the femoral artery after it passes behind the inguinal ligament
  3. Femoral artery: supplies blood to the thighs and becomes the popliteal artery as it passes through the popliteal fossa.
  4. Popliteal artery: Genicular arteries (anastomoses) originating from the popliteal arteries supply the knee joint
112
Q

what arteries supply the pelvic wall and viscera

A

internal iliac arteries

113
Q

what arteries ultimately supply all of the lower limbs

A

external iliac arteries

114
Q

Arteries of the leg and foot and their functions

A
  1. Anterior tibial artery: branch of the popliteal artery that supplies extensor muscles
    Gives rise to:
    - Dorsal artery of the foot: continuation of the anterior tibial artery at the ankle
    - Arcuate artery: branches supply the toes
  2. Posterior tibial artery: continuation of the popliteal artery in the popliteal fossa at the rear of the knee and supplies flexor muscles
    Gives rise to:
    - Medial plantar artery: bifurcation of the posterior tibial artery at ankle that supplies the big toe
    - lateral plantar artery: bifurcation of the posterior tibial artery at ankle that gives rise to the deep plantar arch which supplies blood to the toes
    - Fibular artery: branch of the posterior tibial artery at the knee that supplies muscles of leg and ends at the heel
115
Q

What artery supplies the extensor muscles of the leg

A

Anterior tibial artery

116
Q

What artery supplies the flexor muscles of the leg

A

Posterior tibial artery

117
Q

What arteries result from the bifurcation of the posterior tibial artery

A

medial and lateral plantar arteries

118
Q

What artery branches from the posterior tibial artery and supplies leg muscles ending in the heel

A

Fibular artery

119
Q

Dural Venous Sinuses

A

collect blood from veins serving the brain. They are blood filled spaces between layers of dura mater

120
Q

What are blood filled spaces between layers of dura mater

A

dural venous sinuses

121
Q

Internal Jugular vein

A

receives most of the blood from the brain and empties into subclavian vein

122
Q

What vein receives most of the blood from the brain and empties into subclavian vein

A

Internal jugular vein

123
Q

Veins of the upper limbs ultimately lead where

A

axillary and subclavian veins

124
Q

Superficial veins of the upper limbs

A

More visible, smaller diameter, and carry less blood than deep veins

  1. Dorsal venous network
  2. Cephalic Vein
  3. Basilic vein
  4. Median cubital vein
125
Q

Dorsal venous network

A

vein plexus; visible on back of hand; empties into cephalic and basilic vein

126
Q

Cephalic ven

A

common IV administration site at distal end. Arises from the dorsal venous network and travels up the lateral forearm and arm to the shoulder where it joins the axillary vein

127
Q

What vein superficial vein travels up the lateral side of the arm

A

Cephalic vein

128
Q

What superficial vein travels up the medial side of the arm

A

Basilic vein

129
Q

Basilic vein

A

arises form the medial side of the dorsal venous network and travels to the shoulder to connect to the axillary vein

130
Q

Median cubital vein

A

Short anastomosis between cephalic and basilic; crosses cubital foss; common blood drawing spot

131
Q

Where do you common have blood drawn from

A

Median cubital vein

132
Q

What vein is the anastomosis between the cephalic and basilic veins

A

Median cubital vein

133
Q

Deep Veins of the upper arm

A
  1. Deep and superficial venous palmar archers
  2. Radial veins - 2
  3. Ulnar veins - 2
  4. Brachia veins - 2
  5. Axillary vein
  6. Subclavian vein
134
Q

What veins converge to form the brachial vein

A

the radial veins and ulnar veins

135
Q

Deep and superficial venous palmar arches

A

deep veins that receive blood from the fingers and palms

136
Q

What 2 veins run the lateral side of the forearm

A

Radial veins

137
Q

What 2 veins run the medial side of forearm

A

Ulnar veins

138
Q

What 2 veins are formed by the merging of the ulnar and radial veins and runs up the the arm to converge at the axillary region

A

Brachial veins

139
Q

What vein is formed by the merging of brachial and basilic veins

A

Axillary veins

140
Q

Where does the subclavian vein start

A

At the margin of the 1st rib, the axillary vein becomes the subclavian vein

141
Q

Tributaries of the Superior Vena Cava

A
  1. Subclavian Vein
  2. Brachiocephalic Vein
  3. Azygos Vein
142
Q

What vein conducts blood from the upper limb into the superior vena cava

A

subclavian vein

143
Q

what vein forms from the union of subclavian and internal jugular veins

A

brachiocephalic vein

144
Q

what vein receives blood from the vertebrae, thyroid, upper thoracic wall, and breast and drains into the superior vena cava

A

brachiocephalic vein

145
Q

Azygos system function and veins

A

principal venous drainage of thoracic organs
1. Azygos vein - empties into superior vena cava
2. hemiazygos vein - empties into azygos
3. Accessory hemiazygos vein - empties into azygos

146
Q

Where does the superior vena cava form and where does it empty

A

formed by the union of right and left brachiocephalic veins and empties into the right atrium

147
Q

What is the largest blood vessel in the body

A

Inferior Vena cava

148
Q

Formation and location of inferior vena cava

A

formed by the union of right and left common iliac veins and lies to the right of the aorta and is retroperitoneal

149
Q

Tributaries of the Inferior Vena Caba and functions

A
  1. Internal iliac vein - drains urinary bladder, rectum, prostate, ductus deferens, uterus, and vagina
  2. Gonadal veins - drains gonads
  3. Renal veins - drains kidneys
  4. Suprarenal veins - drain adrenal glands
  5. Hepatic veins - drain liver
150
Q

What veins drain the liver

A

hepatic veins

151
Q

What veins drain the adrenal glands

A

suprarenal veins

152
Q

what veins drain the kidney

A

renal veins

153
Q

Inferior mesenteric vein

A

conducts blood from rectum and distal colon

154
Q

Superior mesenteric vein

A

conducts blood from the small intestine. ascending/transverse colon, and stomach

155
Q

Splenic vein

A

drains blood from spleen and pancreas

156
Q

Superficial veins of lower limbs and functions

A
  1. Dorsal venous arch: visible on the dorsum of the foot (top of the foot); collects blood from toes and proximal part of the foot.
  2. Small saphenous vein: lateral side of dorsal venous arch up to knee; drains into popliteal vein
  3. Great saphenous vein: longest vein in the body; medial side of dorsal venous arch all the way up to the inguinal region; empties into the femoral vein
157
Q

What is the longest vein in the body

A

Great saphenous vein

158
Q

What vein runs from the lateral side of dorsal venous arch and drains into the popliteal vein

A

small saphenous vein

159
Q

Deep veins of the lower limb (10)

A
  1. Deep plantar venous arch
  2. Lateral and medial plantar veins
  3. Posterior tibial veins (2)
  4. Fibular veins (2)
  5. Popliteal vein
  6. Anterior tibial veins (2)
  7. Femoral veins
  8. External iliac vein
  9. Internal iliac vein
  10. Common iliac vein
160
Q

What deep veins drain blood from toes and give rise to the lateral and medial plantar veins

A

Deep plantar venous arch

161
Q

What vein gives rise to fibular veins

A

Lateral plantar vein

162
Q

What deep veins pass upward deep in calf muscles and merge like an inverted Y

A

Posterior tibial veins

163
Q

What deep veins move up back of leg and merge like an inverted Y

A

Fibular veins

164
Q

What vein results from the merging of posterior tibial veins and fibular veins near the knee

A

popliteal vein

165
Q

What veins pass through the anterior compartment of the leg between the tibia and fibula

A

Anterior tibial veins

166
Q

What vein results in the continuation of the popliteal vein into the thigh

A

femoral vein

167
Q

What vein is formed by the union of the femoral vein and great saphenous vein

A

external iliac vein

168
Q

What vein is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins

A

common iliac vein

Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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