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Human Anatomy > Exam 4: Ch 23 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Ch 23 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

How many alveoli exist in your lungs

A

300 million

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2
Q

total length of of airways in lungs

A

1500 miles

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3
Q

Humans take how many breaths per year

A

6 million

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4
Q

How many lobes and fissures exist in the right lung

A

3 lobes and 2 fissures:
Superior lobe
Horizontal fissure
middle lobe
Oblique fissure
inferior lobe

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5
Q

How many lobes and fissures exist in the left lung

A

2 lobes 1 fissure:
superior lobe
oblique fissure
inferior lobe

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6
Q

blunt superior end of lung: projects above clavicle

A

Apex

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7
Q

Broad concave inferior region; sits on diaphragm

A

Base

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8
Q

slit on mediastinal surface of lung; wedge shaped

A

Hilum

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9
Q

Primary bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves; suspend lung from mediastinum

A

root

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10
Q

Region of cardiac impression visible on anterior surface of left lung

A

cardiac notch or impression

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11
Q

exchange of gases

A

respiration

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12
Q

exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lung and the blood

A

External respiration

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13
Q

exchange of gases between blood and body cells

A

internal respiration

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14
Q

movement of air into or out of lungs

A

ventilation

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15
Q

Upper respiratory system

A

nose through larynx

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16
Q

Lower respiratory system

A

trachea through alveoli

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17
Q

Nose functions and location

A

Warms, filters, and moistens air
Extends from nares to posterior nasal aperture

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18
Q

Nose support

A

Bone supports superior region
Cartilage supports inferior region

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19
Q

Ala nasi

A

Flared, lateral. lower regions of nose

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20
Q

Nasal cavity

A

air enters vestibule which is lined by stratified squamous epithelium and vibrissae (nose hairs)

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21
Q

nasal fossae

A

the right and left halves of the nasal cavity separated by the nasal septum

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22
Q

Parts of the Nasal septum

A

Vomer - inferior
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid - superior
Septal nasal cartilage - anterior

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23
Q

Roof of nasal cavity is formed by

A

ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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24
Q

Floor of nasal cavity is formed by

A

hard palate that separates oral and nasal cavities

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25
Q

3 bony scrolls that increase air turbulence in the nasal cavity ensuring entering air comes into contact with mucous membrane

A

nasal conchae

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26
Q

From what wall do the the nasal conchae project

A

lateral walls -> <-

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27
Q

Classify the 3 nasal conchae and what bones make them up

A

Superior conchae - ethmoid bone
middle conchae - ethmoid bone
inferior conchae - pair of nasal bones

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28
Q

Narrow air passageway beneath conchae

A

Meatus

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29
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Lines nasal cavity except for the vestibule and the olfactory region

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30
Q

Columnar cells with narrow basal region and expanded apical region: secrete mucus to trap nongaseuos debris

A

Goblet Cells

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31
Q

Columnar cells with nucleus located in basal region; equipped with movable cilia to move mucus and debris towards pharyx for removal

A

Ciliated columnar cells

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32
Q

Columnar cells that secrete a serous fluid so mucus glides more easily

A

Serous cells

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33
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Lines roof of nasal cavity, upper region of septum, and superior conchae

34
Q

Bipolar neurons. Long, nonmobile olfactory cilia project from apical region and lie on the surface of the epithelium

A

Olfactory cells

35
Q

Columnar cells with microvili on apical surface; provide physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for olfactory cells

A

Sustentacular cells

36
Q

Funnel shaped muscular organ commonly referred to as the throat

A

Pharynx

37
Q

Location of the pharynx and its zones and their locations

A

Extends from posterior nasal apertures to the larynx
1. nasopharynx - posterior to posterior nasal apertures and soft palate
2. Oropharynx - extends from inferior region of soft palate to epiglottis
3. Laryngopharynx - extends from epiglottis to opening into esophagus

38
Q

What zone of the pharynx communicates with the nasal cavities and what part of the nasal cavity communicates to it

A

The nasopharynx and the posterior nasal apertures (choanae)

39
Q

What zone of the pharynx communicates with the oral cavity

A

oropharynx

40
Q

What zone of the pharynx communicates with the larynx

A

Layrngopharynx

41
Q

What zone of the pharynx is lined with stratified squamous epithelium

A

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

42
Q

What zone of the pharynx is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

nasopharynx

43
Q

Organ for sound production

A

Larynx

44
Q

opening into larynx

A

Glottis

45
Q

Glottis vs epiglottis

A

The glottis opens into the larynx and is responsible for the production of sound. While the epiglottis is a cartilaginous flap on top of the glottis that prevents the food from entering the larynx.

46
Q

Tissue flap that covers glottis when swallowing to prevent choking

A

Epiglottis

47
Q

How many cartilages support the wall of the larynx, name them, and describe them.

A

9 total and 6 names
1. Epiglottic: single spoon-shaped cartilage in epiglottis
2. Thyroid: single, largest; shield-like shape; covers anterior and lateral aspect of the larynx; laryngeal prominence: Adam’s apple
3. Cricoid: single; ring-like; below thyroid cartilage
4. Arytenoid: Double; posterior to thyroid cartilage
5. Corniculate: Double; tiny, horn shaped cartilages attached to upper region of arytenoid cartilages
6. Cuneiform: Double; support soft tissue between arytenoids and epiglottis

48
Q

What larynx cartilages are single

A

epiglottic, thyroid, and cricoid

49
Q

What larynx cartilages are doubled or paired

A

arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform

50
Q

what is the largest larynx cartilage

A

thyroid

51
Q

what creates the adam’s apple

A

thyroid cartilage

52
Q

Close larynx when swallowing to prevent choking

A

Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

53
Q

Inferior to vestibular folds. Vibrate as air moves across producing sound

A

Vocal Cords (vocal folds)

54
Q

Cilia move mucous with trapped debris toward pharynx

A

Mucociliary escalator

55
Q

What is the trachea lined by and what two important cell types does it contain

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contains ciliated cells and mucus-secreting goblet cells

56
Q

The wall of the trachea is supported by what and why

A

supported by 16-20 C shaped cartilage supports to prevent the trachea from collapsing during ventilation

57
Q

contraction/relaxation of this muscle narrows/widens the lumen of the trachea to adjust airflow

A

trachealis muscle

58
Q

What allows for the elongation of the trachea during inspiration

A

adjacent cartilages connected by fibroelastic connective tissue

59
Q

Internal median ridge that bifurcates the trachea giving rise to the right and left Main (primary) bronchus

A

carina

60
Q

Just like the trachea, the wall of the bronchi are supported by

A

C-shaped cartilage supports

61
Q

Right and Left main bronchus differences

A

Right main bronchus:
- wider and straighter
- trifurcates before entering the hilum
- gives rise to the right lobar bronchi that enter a lobe of the right lung

Left main bronchus
- narrower and curvier
- bifurcates before entering the hilum
- gives rise to the left lobar bronchi that enter a lobe of the left lung

62
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there

A

5; 2 inn left lung; 3 in right

63
Q

Produced by the branching of the main brochi

A

lobar bronchi

64
Q

What changes in the lobar bronchi from the main bronchi

A
  1. C-shaped cartilages are replaced by cartilage plates
  2. the walls become thinner and diameter decreases
65
Q

Produced by the branching of the lobar bronchi

A

Segmental bronchi

66
Q

Each of these ventilates a bronchopulmonary segment in the lungs

A

Segmental bronchi

67
Q

Discrete anatomical and structural unit separated by layers of connective tissue and help limit the spread of disease in the lungs

A

bronchopulmonary segment

68
Q

How many segmental bronchi and bronchopulmonary segments are in each lung

A

10 in right; 8 in left

69
Q

Formed from the branching of segmental bronchi

A

Bronchioles

70
Q

How big are bronchioles vs terminal bronchioles

A

> 1 mm and >0.5 mm

71
Q

What changes in bronchioles from segmental bronchi

A

smooth muscle replaces cartilage in wall; goblet cells are replaced by clara cells to detoxify harmful molecules

72
Q

Formed by the branching of bronchioles

A

Terminal bronchioles

73
Q

Wall is interrupted by alveoli and conduct air and function in gas exhange

A

respiratory bronchioles

74
Q

linear sequence of alveoli

A

Alveolar ducts

75
Q

clusters of alveoli

A

Alveolar sacs

76
Q

Gas exchange regions of lungs

A

alveoli

77
Q

2 cell types of alveoli and descriptions

A

Type I Alveolar Cells: simple squamous cells; site of gas exchange between lungs and blood; 95% of surface area

Type II Alveolar Cells: simple cuboidal cells with round nuclei; secrete surfactant: decreases surface tension in alveoli (prevents alveoli from collapsing)

78
Q

These cells phagocytize surfactant, dust, etc and migrate between type I alveolar cells and enter alveolus; removed by mucociliary escalator to pharynx; 100 million migrate to bronchi each day

A

Alveolar Macrophages

79
Q

Double serous membranes enclosing each lung

A

Pleurae

80
Q

Adheres to surface of lung. At hilum turns back in on itself and forms parietal pleura

A

Visceral pleura

81
Q

adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of rib cage, and superior surface of diaphragm

A

Parietal pleura

82
Q

Space between the pleural membranes

A

pleural cavity

Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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