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Principles of Microbiology > EXAM 4 CHAPTER 22 > Flashcards

EXAM 4 CHAPTER 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What divides the upper and lower respiratory tract?

A

The epiglottis

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2
Q

Main structures of the upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, pharynx, eustachian tube

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3
Q

Main structures of the lower respiratory tract

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

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4
Q

How does the flora of the upper respiratory tract differentiate from the lower respiratory tract?

A

The upper respiratory tract is colonized by extensive and diverse normal microbiota, many of which are potential pathogens. The lower respiratory tract has FEW microbial inhabitants and they may be transients

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5
Q

What are the pathogens and vaccines for chickenpox/shingles?

A

VZV (Varicella-zoster virus. Varicella vaccine, herpes zoster vaccine

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6
Q

What are the pathogens and vaccines for common cold

A

Rhinovirus. No vaccines

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7
Q

What are the pathogens and vaccines for diptheria

A

Corynebacterium diptheria. DtaP, Tdap, DT, Td, DTP

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8
Q

What are the pathogens and vaccines for epiglottis otitis media

A

Haemophilus influenzae. Hib.

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9
Q

What are the pathogens and vaccines for influenza

A

Influenza viruses. Inactivated, FluMist

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10
Q

What are the pathogens and vaccines for measles

A

Measles viruses. MMR

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11
Q

What are the pathogens and vaccines pertussis

A

Bordetella pertussis. DTaP, Tdap

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12
Q

What are the pathogens and vaccines for pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae. PCV13, PPSV23

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13
Q

What are the pathogens and vaccines for rubella

A

Rubella virus. MMR

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14
Q

What are the pathogens and vaccines for SARS

A

SARS-associated coronavirus. No vaccines

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15
Q

What are the pathogens and vaccines for tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BCG

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16
Q

Describe the typical symptoms of rhinitis

A

An inflammation of the nasal cavities (hay fever, allergies, other irritants)

17
Q

Describe the typical symptoms of sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the sinuses

18
Q

Describe the typical symptoms of pharyngitis

A

Sore throat

19
Q

Describe the typical symptoms of laryngitis

A

Inflammation of the larynx

20
Q

Describe the typical symptoms of pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs. Pus and edema accumulate and fill the lungs with fluid.

21
Q

What is acute otitis media?

A

Infection of the middle ear that may be caused by several bacteria including streptococcus pneumoniae.

22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of acute otitis media?

A

Signs are accumulation of pus in the middle ear. Symptoms are nausea, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, rubbing ear, tugging.

23
Q

Why is acute otitis media more common in children than adults?

A

Their eustachian tubes are shorter and drain at a shallower angle. They also spend more time lying down than adults

24
Q

What is the etiologic agent of diptheriae, how is it prevented and what is the major virulence factor?

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae. It is rare because of vaccinations. The bacteria produce exotoxins that kill cells in the pharynx, leading to the formation of a pseudomembrane

25
Q

What is the most common etiologic agent of community acquired pneumonia, and the signs and symptoms, and treatment

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae). Signs and symptoms are shortness of breath, rapid shallow breathing, etc. Treatment can be antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, antivirals could be for viral, also OTC medications to help alleviate symptoms.

26
Q

What is the etiologic agent for walking pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

27
Q

What is the major risk factor for pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia?

A

Patients with cystic fibrosis and those on ventilators

28
Q

How do tubercles form in TB?

A

Inhalation of respiratory droplets from an infected person, bacteria enters the alveoli, the lesions become walled off forming small round lesions called tubercles

29
Q

What are the 2 tests for asymptomatic patients for TB?

A

Mantoux test which creates a raised wheal on the surface of the skin, positive result indicated by redness, swelling, or hardness at the site. Chest x-ray to detect Ghon complex formation is the other way.

30
Q

What is the most common etiologic agent for the common cold

A

Rhinoviruses

31
Q

What is the difference between signs and symptoms of common cold and influenza

A

Influenza typically has a higher fever, severe aches and pains, severe fatigue. Common cold typically has a lower fever, mild aches and pains, slight fatigue, nasal congestion is also common which is not a symptom of influenza

32
Q

What is the type of infleunza associated with pandemics?

A

Type A because it has both antigenic shift and drift

33
Q

Why is oseltamivir only effective early in influenza infections?

A

If taken at the onset of symptoms it can shorten the course of the disease. Only helpful as a prophylactic medication

34
Q

Explain how SARS-CoV-2 can cause respiratory failure in severe cases?

A

Severe hypoxemia can lead to respiratory failure, lots of the symptoms are flu-like which can lead to respiratory stress and eventually failure

35
Q

Explain why measles, rubella and chickenpox are classifies as viral respiratory diseases

A

Their symptoms are systemic, and because their portal of entry is the respiratory tract they are considered respiratory infections

36
Q

Explain why the best treatment for measles, rubella and chicken pox is prevention

A

Because there are no effective treatments once a patient is infected.

37
Q

Identify the cause and risk factors associated with shingles

A

Risk factors are elderly and weakened immune systems. The cause is the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox

Principles of Microbiology (16 decks)

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