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BIOL189 > Exam 4- Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 4- Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

A form of life in which individual cells form stable associations with one another but do not take on specialized roles

A

Colonial (basic) multicellularity

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2
Q

A form of life in which individual cells exist in stable groups, with different cells in a group specializing in different functions

A

True multicellularity

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3
Q

Example of a colonial multicellularity.

A

Golden algae

Syrnura flagella

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4
Q

Example of true mutilcellularity.

A

Volvox (green algae)

Human nerve & muscle cells

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5
Q

What comprises photosynthesizing protists?

A

Algae

Phytoplankton

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6
Q

What comprises heterotrophic protists?

A

Paramecium (cilia

Amoeba

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7
Q

Photosyntehsizing vs. Heterotrophic Protists

A

Photosynthetic protists get their food form photosynthesis. Water based. Evolved from symbiosis between eukaryotic cell and photosynthetic bacteria

Heterotrophic Protist: eat other organisms of organic matter

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8
Q

How do slime molds relate to the evolution of multicellularity?

A

They exist as unicellular organism if food is abundant.
Can move and learn
- Move faster in humid air, slower in dry air
You can train it to expect dry air pulse

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9
Q

All plants carry out _______________ but not all ________________ __________ are plants

A

Photosynthesis

Photosynthetic Organisms

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10
Q

Characteristics of plants:

A 
Have a cell wall made out of cellulose
Contain the organelle: Chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis
Mostly land dwelling
Sessile (dont move)
Alteration of generations
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11
Q

What is alteration of generations?

A

The cycle of plants producing sporophyte and gametophyte genrations

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12
Q

Type of plant lacking a true vascular system. Need water to reproduce so they stay close to the ground.

A

Bryophyte

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13
Q

What type of environments do bryophytes dwell in?

A

Moist environments

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14
Q

Example of a bryophyte:

A

Moss

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15
Q

Plants that have a vascular system but that do not produce seeds as a part of reproduction, so they stay near water. Grow tall.

A

Seedless Vascular plants

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16
Q

Example of seedless vascular plant:

A

Fern

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17
Q

A seed plant whose seeds are not surrounded by fruit. First seeded plant.

A

Gymnosperms

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18
Q

Example of a gymnosperm:

A

Fern

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19
Q

Where are the seeds contained in a gymnosperm? And how does the sperm get there?

A

Seeds are usually contained in pinecones. Male cone produces pollen that is taken by the wind to fertilize female cone with seed.

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20
Q

Its seeds are surrounded by the tissue called fruit. First flowering plant. “Vessel Seed”

A

Angiosperms

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21
Q

How are angiosperms the most dominant plant on earth?

A

They are able to use the wind and animals to help them reproduce. Symbiotic relationship

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22
Q

Example of angiosperm:

A

Rose
Lilly
Corn plant
Cactus

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23
Q

What do angiosperm seeds contain?

A 
Endosperm
Seed coat (bran)
Embryo (wheat germ)
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24
Q

How can fruit be used as an additional mechanism for spreading seeds?

A

Fruit is digested by an animal, which then excretes the seeds that is fully fertilized by the animal

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25
What are three ways plants sense and respond to the environment?
Gravitropism Phototropism Thigmotropism
26
The curvature of shoots in response to light.
Phototropism
27
How does phototropism work?
Uses the hormone IAA to clutter to one side, to elongate/lengthen the shoot to help it curve towards the light
28
Meaning a bending of a plant's shoot or root in response to gravity.
Gravitropism (sensing= sedimentation- amylosplasts)
29
The growth of a plant in response to touch.
Thigmotropism
30
When angiosperms lose their leaves in cold climate, they are referred to as:
Deciduous plants
31
Why do plants lose their leaves?
Potential source for water loss | Will die from cold
32
The ability of a plant to sense how long the day is relative to the night
Photoperiodism
33
The state in which growth is suspended and metabolic activity is low
Dormancy
34
Single organism, whose trunks are connected by the same root system and are all genetically identical
Clonal organisms
35
What are some characteristics of animals?
``` Multicellular Heterotrophic Motile Lack cell walls Symmetry ```
36
A symmetry where body parts are distributed evenly around a central point.
Radial symmetry
37
Give an example of radial symmetry:
Jelly fish | Starfish
38
No equal parts or sides.
Asymmetry (sponge)
39
Bodily symmetry in which opposite sides of a sagittal plane are mirror images of one another.
Bilateral symmetry
40
Why is having a coelom advantageous?
It allows stomach and other internal organs to expand and contract when needed. Allows reproductive system to make room for offspring Allows greater flexibility
41
What members to not have a coelem?
Sponges Cnidarians Platyhelminthes
42
The repetition of body parts in an animal
Body segmentation
43
What does body segmentation do for an organism?
Allows greater strength and flexibillity
44
What is the main difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?
``` Vertebrates= spinal chord Invertebrates= lack spinal chord ```
45
Vertebrates are generally:
Largest and most advanced of animals
46
Maintain constant body temperature regardless of ambient conditions.
Warm-blooded
47
Give an example of cold-blooded animals.
Reptiles, amphibians, fish
48
Internal body temperature varies with conditions.
Cold-blooded
49
Give an example of warm-blooded animals.
Mammals & birds
50
A form of asexual reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into an adult organism.
Pathenogenesis (bees & lizards)
51
Reproduction occurs by means of fertilized eggs developing inside the mother's body. What species make up most of them?
Viviparous | Mammals (not playtpus)
52
Reproduction occurs by means of the young developing in fertilized eggs that are laid outside the mother's body.What species make up most of them?
Oviparous | Most animals
53
What are some characteristics of fungi?
``` Mostly sessile Heterotrophs Closely related to animals Generally multicellular (not yeast) They digest before they ingest Can produce sexually & asexually ```
54
Out of the 8 characteristics of all living organisms, what 4 do viruses fulfill?
Viruses ARE: New organisms that arise from older organisms (reproduction) Inherit characteristics from previous generations (genetics) Adapt to their environment (Evolution) Are highly organized and complex compared to inanimate objects
55
What 4 characteristics do viruses not fulfill?
Viruses ARE NOT: Made up of cells (cellularity) Assimilate energy from nutrients (metabolism) Respond to environmental stimuli (irritability) Maintain relatively constant internal environment
56
Describe a virus:
``` Extremely small Non-cellular Completely dependent Contain DNA & RNA Slimy liquid poison ```
57
What does obligate intracellular parasite stand for?
They have to Get into the Cell Use what's inside the cell
58
How are viruses and hosts linked?
The host has to be a cell the virus can enter AND replicate in Host range can be narrow or wide
59
What are the three hypotheses on the origin of viruses?
Progressive Regressive Virus First
60
Explain the progressive hypothesis of viruses:
``` Escape or vagrancy - Genetic elements gained ability to move between cells - Retrovirus mirrors retrotransposon - Viral-like transposons = Pieces in genome can hop around ```
61
Explain the progressive hyporthesis of viruses:
Reduction - Remnants of cellular organisms - Orignially symbiotic, then turned parasitic - Mimivirus: putative genes associated with translation = Used to be a cell-based organism
62
Explain the virus first hypothesis:
- Viruses predate or coevolved with current cellular hosts - Self-replicating units - Complexity leads to cells
63
What are viruses made out of?
Nucleic acid= genome | Proteins
64
What is the primary purpose for the capsid of a virus?
Protect the genome
65
The Parvovirus:
Small 4 main proteins Linear Affects dogs
66
The Pandoravirus:
Large Has about 2500 proteins Linear Affects amoeba
67
What are a viruses 3 common functions? (obligate intracellular parasite)
1. ) Replication of viral copies of blueprint 2. ) Packaging of viral genome into virions 3. ) Alter structure/function of cell
68
What are some virus transmission routes?
``` Sneezing/coughing Direct contact Fecal/oral route Intravenous route (needle) Mother to child Bodily fluids Insects ```
69
Describe bacteria:
``` Single-celled organism No nucleus (DNA is free-floating) Reproduce asexually (binary fission) ```
70
What is biofilm?
Thin slimy layer of bacteria that adheres to a surface
71
How is biofilm formed?
Bacterial cells begin to settle onto a surface Cells divide and then secrete a slimy substance Organisms can then attach to it
72
What is a bacterial cell wall made out of?
Carb called peptidoglycan
73
A gram positive cell wall refers to: | While a Gram negative cell wall refers to:
Thick | Thin
74
Under unfavorable conditions, some bacteria enter a dormant state:
Spore
75
What is a spores purpose:
Keep blueprint safe until environment gets better (super resistant)
76
How does bacteria produce?
Binary fission
77
Explain binary fission:
DNA replication Chromosome segmentation Cytokinesis (reform cell membrane & cell wall) Produces haploid
78
In bacterial growth, what phase are resources depleting, # of cell divisions=cell deaths
Stationary phase
79
In bacterial growth, what phase is when bacteria has adapted to new environment, grow exponentially
Exponential phase (log)
80
In bacterial growth, what phase is it when the bacteria is adapting to their new environment, grow slowly
Lag phase
81
In bacterial growth, which phase are resources completely depleted, population is dying
Death phase
82
The ability for bacteria to uptake exogenous genetic material and incorporate it as plasmids
Transforamtion
83
The process by which genetic material can be transferred from one bacteria to another via a virus
Transduction
84
Direct exchange of genetic material via the pili, usually exchanging the plasmids
Conjugation
85
The horizontal gene transfer refers to:
Transformation Transduction Conjugation
86
Interactions occur when both the bacteria and the host benefit from the interaction
Mutualistic or Symbiotic
87
Gut flora is considered mutualistic because:
It benefits us by helping us be able to break down undigested carbs, synthsize vitamins, metabolize bile We benefit the gut flora by giving them somewhere to live and produce
88
How can antibiotic resistance develop in a bacterial population?
Since bacteria can spread quickly, if one bacterium in a population develops a mutation that grants it resistance from the antibiotic, it will soon repopulate itself= artificial selection
89
Organisms (archae) that grow optimally in one or more conditions that would kill most other organisms
Extremeophiles
90
These are microbes that live in environments so salty that few other types of organisms can survive in them. (Salt lake, dead sea)
Halophiles
91
These are microbes that either can live without oxygen or that actually are poisoned by it and thus can only live in oxygen-free environments.
Anaerobes
92
These are microbes that make their homes in extremely hot environments.
Thermophiles
93
These microbes can survive in environments where the pH level is less than 3
Acidophiles
94
These microbes can survive in extremely low temperatures.
Cryophiles
95
These microbes can survive in a pH environment above 7
Alkaiphiles

BIOL189 (8 decks)

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