Final Part 3

Question 1

The study of interactions of living organisms with each other and with their environment

Answer 1

Ecology

Question 2

What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?

Answer 2

Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere

Question 3

Define community:

Answer 3

A collection of the populations of all species that inhabit a specific geographical area

Question 4

Define ecosystem:

Answer 4

A community of organisms and their physical environment

Question 5

Define biome:

Answer 5

A large area characterized by a particular climate & vegetation

Question 6

Define biosphere:

Answer 6

Interactive collection of all of earths ecosystems

Question 7

How population size changes over time

Answer 7

Population Dynamics

Question 8

Difference of arithmetic and exponential growth:

Answer 8

Arithmetic growth is linear meaning that it has a very slow growth.
Exponential is usually curved upwards, meaning it has a much faster population growth

Question 9

What is intrinsic growth rate?

Answer 9

It is calculated by subtracting the birth rate from the death rate

Question 10

A positive intrinsic growth rate means:

Answer 10

Population grows over time

Question 11

A negative intrinsic growth rate means:

Answer 11

A population shrinks over time

Question 12

How can environmental resistance impact exponential growth?

Answer 12

It causes exponential growth to eventually level off in the real world

Question 13

What are some real-life examples of environmental resistance?

Answer 13

Depletion of food resources
Greater # of predators
Toxic accumulation of waste

Question 14

How does carrying capacity (K) reflect environmental resistance?

Answer 14

It reflects it by showing where the environmental resistant force(s) lead the population to stop growing/stabilizing growth rate

Question 15

Type II survivorship species:

Answer 15

Constant-loss species (birds)

Question 16

Type III survivorship species:

Answer 16

r-selected species (flies, insects) early loss species

Question 17

Type II survivorship species:

Answer 17

K-selected species (elephants, bears) late-loss species

Question 18

Few species that numerically dominate many communities

Answer 18

Ecological dominants

Question 19

What is an example of an ecological dominant?

Answer 19

Plants

Question 20

A species that are not numerous or ecologically dominant, but if removed, drastically affect the community.

Answer 20

Keystone species

Question 21

What is an example of a keystone species?

Answer 21

Gophers, starfish, humming birds, sharks, lions, bears (apex)

Question 22

What can happen to a community if a keystone species is “removed”?

Answer 22

Other species can start to die off because a species that was originally eaten by the keystone species will begin to overpopulate and eat other species

Question 23

What kinds of biodiversity are there?

Answer 23

Species
Geographic
Genetic

Question 24

Outside species that enters and rapidly takes over a community (selective advantage)

Answer 24

Invasive species

Question 25

What are the roll of invasive species?

Answer 25

Once adapted to environment, they can decrease biodiversity by killing of species

Question 26

What are some examples of invasive species?

Answer 26

Rabbits, snakes, mussels

Question 27

The type of physical surrounding that a species inhabits

Answer 27

Habitat

Question 28

Give some examples of a habitiat for species?

Answer 28

Lions live in grassy lands Monkeys usually live in tree Penguins live on glaciers

Question 29

What is habitat fragmentation?

Answer 29

The breaking up of an organism's habitat into smaller, separate habitats

Question 30

Habitat fragmentation can lead to:

Answer 30

Allopatric speciation

Question 31

Organism's specialization includes habitat, feeding habits, and other behaviors (their job)

Answer 31

Ecological niche

Question 32

The entire geographical area in which a species can be found

Answer 32

Range

Question 33

Interspecific competition:

Answer 33

Competitve exclusion: takes over a whole thing, killing off the other population Resource partitioning: sharing resources for the most part

Question 34

A predator feeds on another organism, killing it in the process Give example

Answer 34

Predation Shark eating a seal

Question 35

One species uses another to its advantage and harms it in the process Give an example

Answer 35

Parasitism Wasp eggs on hormworm Lamprey on fish

Question 36

Prey/host evolves a mechanism for evading/fending off predator/parasite

Answer 36

Evolutionary arms race

Question 37

A species developed the ability to look like another either for defensive or offensive purposes

Answer 37

Biological mimicry Frogfish lures in prey with bait worm Batesian (faking it=moth bee)

Question 38

Occurs when species that have some protection against predators resemble one another

Answer 38

Mullerian mimicry

Question 39

Species interact for the benefit of both example

Answer 39

Mutualism Oxpeckers on rhinos Randall's shrimp and flag talil fish

Question 40

A mutualistic relationship when one organism lives entirely within the other

Answer 40

Endosymbiont

Question 41

One organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed

Answer 41

Commensalism Anemone fish in anemones Cattle egrets and cattle

Question 42

One organism impedes or restricts the success of another without affecting itself

Answer 42

Amensalism Cows scraping grass out

Question 43

Species interact but neither is harmed or helped (hard to prove)

Answer 43

Neutralism

Question 44

Two or more species evolving together as a result of their interaction

Answer 44

Coevolution Murex & crab

Question 45

Action of earlier species helps later species take over

Answer 45

Facilitation

Question 46

Ecological Succession: Primary

Answer 46

There are pioneer organisms: photosynthetic, r-selected | They increase biomass and biodiversity (competitive exclusion)

Question 47

Ecological Succession Secondary:

Answer 47

Plants need nitrogen, so dryas shrubs "fix" nitrogen Then when the dryas die, they increase the nitrogen levels in soil= Alder bushes Alder bushes have acidic leaves= decrease in soil pH= replace alder bushes with spruce

Question 48

What is left behind from previous conditions following major ecological disturbance

Answer 48

Biological legacy

Question 49

Describe ecosystem:

Answer 49

A community of organisms and their physical environment including biotic and abiotic materials

Question 50

The interactive collection of all the Earth's ecosystems

Answer 50

Biosphere

Question 51

Example of biotic

Answer 51

Living Organisms

Question 52

Example of Abiotic:

Answer 52

Rocks, water, soil, climate

Question 53

Why is photosynthesis and cellular respiration important in the carbon cycle?

Answer 53

Photosynthesis is the only way to take CO2 out of the atmosphere

Question 54

What does atmospheric nitrogen (N2) undergo and produce?

Answer 54

It undergos nitrogen fixation by nitrogen-fixing bacteria to produce ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+)

Question 55

Ammonium (NH4+) can be converted into what? And who can use this?

Answer 55

Nitrate (NO3-) | Can be used by plants

Question 56

How did humans work their way around getting more nitrogen?

Answer 56

The ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate & ammonium via industrial process= fertilizer Increased agricultural yield

Question 57

What is the problem with fertilizer?

Answer 57

Large amount of fertilizer ends up in rivers which deliver it to the ocean, which cause the algae to go CRAZY. When going crazy, they kill off marine life by using up all the O2.

Question 58

Organisms that get their energy by consuming primary producers are

Answer 58

Consumers

Question 59

A very large ecosystem characterized by a particular climate & vegetation

Answer 59

Biome

Question 60

Amount of sunlight per square foot an area receives (intensity of sunlight)

Answer 60

Insolation

Question 61

What is climate change referred to now?

Answer 61

Observed increase in global temperatures

Question 62

What are some natural climate change mechanisms?

Answer 62

Slight variations in axial tilt The sun's output Large volcanic eruptions

Question 63

Antropogenic climate change:

Answer 63

Burning trees/breaking down forests Burning fossil fuels Methane gas

Question 64

What are the main contributors to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels in burning of fossil fuels?

Answer 64

CAR FUELS Industrial processes Power stations Agricultural byproducts