Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL189 > Final Part 1 > Flashcards

Final Part 1 Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Does correlation imply causation?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The variable that is a result or outcome of the certain change in the experiment

A

Dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The variable in the experiment that is controlled by the experimenter, variable that is changed or altered

A

Independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of living organisms?

A 
Metabolism
Irritability
Cellularity
Homeostasis
Reproduction
Genetics
Evolution
Complexity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neither the subjects nor evaluators know which group is which in the experiment

A

Double-blind study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neither the subjects, evaluators, nor data analysts know which group is which in the experiment

A

Triple-blind study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Only the subject doesn’t know

A

Single-blind method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Assigning experimental subjects to different groups in a random fashion

A

Radomization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A measurable change not attributable to medication or treatment

A

Placebo effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 6 elements that are key to life?

A 
Oxygen
Phosphours 
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulfur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

An element’s _______ _____ is calculated by adding the number of protons and the number of neutrons

A

Atomic mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The number of protons an element’s nucleus is referred to as:

A

Atomic number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Same atomic number, different atomic mass

A

Isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Crossing horizontally across the PT, what is being shown?

A

The number of shells an element has

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Crossing vertically down the PT, what is being shown?

A

The number of valence electrons (on the outermost shell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How reactive do electrons that need to lose or gain only one or two electrons tend to be?

A

Highly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The more shells an element has, how electronegative is it?

A

Not very

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When one electron is shared between two atoms

A

Single bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When two atoms share two electrons

A

Double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

These bonds are represented by lines or dots

A

Chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A difference inbetween 0.5-1.7 is what kind of bond?

A

Polar covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A difference of >1.7 is:

A

An ionic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A difference inbetween 0.0-0.4 is:

A

Nonpolar covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When a more electronegative atom “steals” the other atom’s electron-no sharing

A

Ionic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Bonds between or within molecules
Hydrogen bonds
26
The substance being dissolved
Solute
27
The substance that does the dissolving
Solvent
28
Solvent+Solute= A homogenous mix of two or more kinds of molecules, atoms, or ions
Solution
29
What are the steps of the scientific method?
1. ) Observe 2. ) Question 3. ) Hypothesis 4. ) Prediction 5. ) Test - Test supports - Test does not support
30
How many parts is a carb (saccharide)?
1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen
31
What are common monosaccharides and disaccharides?
Monomer: glucose & fructose Polymer: lactose & sucrose
32
What kind of reaction does a monosaccaride forming into a disacchride produce?
Condensation reaction (releasing a water molecule)
33
What is starch (amylose) broken down by?
Amylase
34
What bonds can be broken down by humans?
Alpha (down)
35
What consists in lipids?
``` Fatty acids Triglycerides Phospholipids Waxes Sterols ```
36
What are fatty acids composed of?
Carboxyl head with a long hydrocarbon chain
37
Unsaturated=
More than one double bond
38
Have 4 fused carbon rings
Steroids
39
How do we transport lipids through out the body?
LDL ship out to tissues in our body where they need to go, HDL picks them up and transfers them back to our liver to be eliminated
40
Carboxyl
``` O // --C \ OH Fatty acids & amino acids ```
41
Hydroxyl
--OH | Alcohols & Carbohydrates
42
Amino (-NH2)
``` H / --N \ H Amino acids ```
43
Phosphate (-PO4)
``` O || --O---P---O- | O- DNA & ATP ```
44
What are proteins made up of?
Amino acids Carboxyl group Side chain
45
What is a protein?
A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
46
4 Structures in protein:
Primary: sequence of amino acids Secondary: take form such as alpha helix or beta pleated sheet Tertiary: these forms start to take larger-scale turns Quaternary: Two or more polypeptide chains together
47
These type of proteins make chemical reactions possible
Enzymes
48
Information bearing molecules of all life on earth
Nucleic acid
49
What do nucleic acids consist of?
Base pair Phosphate group Sugar
50
Three differences between RNA & DNA
Strand T & U Ribose sugar
51
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA is TRANSRIBED to RNA | RNA is TRANSLATED into Proteins
52
What are the 3 principles of cell theory?
1. ) Cells are the fundamental units of life 2. ) All living things are composed of cells 3. ) All cells come from pre-existing cells
53
What are the 3 domains?
Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya
54
What kingdoms are in domain Eukarya?
Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Fungi
55
What are the differences in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
``` Eukaryotic: DNA contained in nucleus Larger (usually) Many types of organelles Often multicellular Prokaryotic: DNA spreads throughout Smaller One type of organelle Single celled ```
56
What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?
Chromosomes Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Ribosomes
57
How do plant cells and animal cells differ?
Plant cells contain chloroplasts, central vacuole, and cell wall. NO LYSOSOMES
58
Ribosomes
Contribute in making proteins
59
This is where select proteins are folded and chemically modified
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)
60
This is the UPS of the cell
Golgi complex
61
This is the site for lipid synthesis and detoxification
Smooth ER
62
Garbage collectors of the cell
Lysosomes (only in animal cells)
63
Energy producers of cell (also contain some DNA)
Mitochondria
64
This maintains cell pressure, stores nutrients, and retains/degrades waste products in an animal cell
Central vacuole
65
What is the plasma membrane made of?
Phospholipids Cholesterol Proteins Glycocalyx
66
What does cholesterol do for the plasma membrane?
Maintains fluidity (prevents solidification & liquification)
67
Two types of proteins contained in the plasma membrane:
Integral: goes completely through the plasma membrane Peripheral: goes through half of the plasma membrane
68
What four roles do proteins in the plasma membrane have?
Structural Communication Transport Recognition
69
This carbohydrate chain helps lubricate the cell suface (plasma membrane) when needed
Glycocalyx
70
The movement of molecules or ions from regions of HIGH concentration to regions of LOW concentration
Diffusion
71
The diffusion of free WATER molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis (they want to go to where the party is)
72
What environment is it when the concentration of a solute is higher outside of a cell than inside? What is the result?
Hypertonic (free water wants to come out) | Plasmolyzed
73
When the concentration of a solute is the same inside and outside of a cell. What is the result?
Isotonic | Flaccid
74
What environment is it when the concentration of a solute is greater inside of the cell than outside of the cell? What is the result?
Hypotonic (free water in) | Turgid (blow up in animal cell, good for plant cell)
75
What kind of transport involves transport of a molecule against the concentration gradient? Requires energy
Active transport
76
What is active transport used to maintain?
Electrolyte balance | Sodium (NA+ Sodium & K+ Potassium) = Sodium/potassium pump
77
Transportation of large molecules or large quantities of molecules involve:
Endocytosis & Exocytosis
78
What types of endocytosis are there?
Phagocytosis (eating) Pinocytosis (drinking) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
79
Energy that is stored
Potential energy
80
Energy in motion
Kinetic energy
81
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can NOT be created nor destroyed, it can only be TRANSFORMED
82
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
The release of energy will result in a GREATER amount of disorder (entropy)
83
These reactions consume/require free energy. Unfavorable/non-spontaneous
Endergonic reaction
84
These reactions occur during the release of energy. Favorable/spontaneous
Exergonic reactions
85
When endergonic & exergonic reactions occur together, it is referred to as:
Coupled reactions
86
What proteins acclerate (catalyze) chemical reactions
Enzymes
87
Energy to get the reaction going. What helps lower this?
Activation energy | Enzymes
88
Enzymes arrange two substrates to create a:
Microenvironment

BIOL189 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions