Exam 4- Part 2

Question 1

What is true about evolution?

Answer 1

Populations evolve

Question 2

What are the two key principles of evolution?

Answer 2

Common descent with modification

Natural selection

Question 3

Describe common descent with modification:

Answer 3

We all come from one universal common ancestor
Modification of successive generations
Descent through genetic inheritance

Question 4

Describe natural selection:

Answer 4

Traits grant reproductive advantage

Survival of the fittest

Question 5

What is the only constant in evolution?

Answer 5

Change

Question 6

Thomas Malthus:

Answer 6

“Struggle for existence”

Humans, plants, and animals will reproduce so much and so fast that we will exceed the amount of food that is being produced, resulting in famine and war

Question 7

Georges Cuvier:

Answer 7

Classified animals into 4 branches: Vertebrata, Articulata, Mollusca, Radiata
Saw that extinction was a fact due to periodic catastrophes= more complex
“Change causes organisms not to survive”

Question 8

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck:

Answer 8

“Inheritance of acquired characteristics”
He believed that the use or disuse of a structure or organ would cause it to enlarge or shrink
No extinction, just evolution

Question 9

Karl Von Baer:

Answer 9

“Life is not a series-no recapitulation”

More general characteristics of a large group of animals appear in their embryos

Question 10

Charles Lyell:

Answer 10

Principles of geology

“Forces that molded the planet today have operated continuously throughout history”= to produce slow change

Question 11

Charles Darwin:

Answer 11

Natural selection was sparked after reading Malthus

Galapagos island= finches evolved

Question 12

Alfred Wallace:

Answer 12

Also thought of natural selection

Question 13

Why don’t selective pressures act on embryos?

Answer 13

Embryos don’t:
Move (walk around)= survive
Need to compete for resources= thrive
Mate in the womb= reproduce

Question 14

Julian Huxley:

Answer 14

Put it all together into “Evolution: The Modern Synthesis”:

Genetics, Botany, Paleontology, Morphology, Ecology, Cell Biology

Question 15

A technique for determining the age of objects by measuring the decay of the radiometric elements they contain

Answer 15

Radiometric dating (half life)

Question 16

Paleontological & Geological evidence:

Answer 16

Using fossils in sedimentary rock to come to an approximate date

Question 17

A structure in an organism whose original function has been lost during the course of evolution

Answer 17

Vestigial character

Question 18

Describe morphology:

Answer 18

The study of physical forms that organisms can take

Us, bats, whales, cats, and gorillas all have a 1-2-5 bone structure all assumed to come from a common ancestor

Question 19

What is the big deal with cytochrome C?

Answer 19

Acts as a molecular clock to see the difference in nucleotide substitutions that have occurred along the lineages in the gene coding for their protein

Question 20

The change in allele frequencies in a population over a relatively short period

Answer 20

Microevolution

Question 21

Having multiple alleles on a gene

Answer 21

Polyallelic

Question 22

Percent of a particular allele out of all alleles in a population

Answer 22

Allele frequency

Question 23

All the alleles that exist in a population

Answer 23

Gene pool

Question 24

Define species:

Answer 24

A group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce viable offspring

Question 25

How do populations evolve?

Answer 25

Populations are a result of environmental change

Question 26

All members of a species that live in a defined geographic region and a given time

Answer 26

Population

Question 27

What are the five agents of evolution?

Answer 27

``` Mutations Gene flow Genetic drift Sexual selection Natural selection ```

Question 28

What kind of mutations are there?

Answer 28

Heritable Visually undetectable Harmful Adaptive (beneficial)

Question 29

The movement of genes from one population to another

Answer 29

Gene flow (shifted allele frequencies)

Question 30

The chance alteration of allele frequencies in populations (larger consequences on smaller populations)

Answer 30

Genetic drift

Question 31

Explain the bottleneck effect:

Answer 31

Some disaster or catastrophic event kills off some of a population, the surviving population had a different allele frequency and little genetic diversity, they will reflect the newer generations to come

Question 32

Explain the founder effect:

Answer 32

A few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original population

Question 33

A form of natural selection that produces differential reproductive success based on differential success in finding mating partners

Answer 33

Sexual selection

Question 34

Intersexual:

Answer 34

Make more attractive to opposite sex

Question 35

Intrasexual:

Answer 35

Intimidate same sex of defeat competitior

Question 36

Process through which traits that grant a reproductive advantage to individual organisms grow more common in populations of organisms over successive generations

Answer 36

Natural selection

Question 37

Phenotypic change in response to environmental change

Answer 37

Adaptation

Question 38

Success of an individual at passing on its genes to the next generation, RELATIVE to other individuals in the population

Answer 38

Fitness

Question 39

A characteristic that is controlled by more than one gene

Answer 39

Polygenic

Question 40

One extreme of a characteristic confers a survival advantage

Answer 40

Directional selection

Question 41

Average values of a characteristic are favored over extremes

Answer 41

Stabilizing selection

Question 42

A phenotypic trait moves towards both of its extremes

Answer 42

Disruptive selection

Question 43

How would you explain macroevolution?

Answer 43

Changes above the level of species | Coming from different ancestors to evolving into a total different species

Question 44

Members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring

Answer 44

Species

Question 45

When an "ancestor species" diverges into two separate species

Answer 45

Speciation (when one species can no longer interbreed with one another)

Question 46

Why can geographical separation drive but not directly cause allopatric speciation?

Answer 46

It may cause a species to separate into two populations, but it doesn't guarantee that that they will not meet up again

Question 47

When geographical barriers divide a population and the resulting populations then go on to become separate species

Answer 47

Allopatric speciation

Question 48

How are ring species unique to breeding?

Answer 48

Although species may take different routes around an areas, when fully making a circle back, they may still be able to interbreed with one another

Question 49

What are the six intrinsic biological isolating mechanisms?

Answer 49

``` Ecological isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation Hybrid inviability or infertility ```

Question 50

How are sympatric and allopatric speciation different?

Answer 50

Sympatric speciation is not driven by geographic separation while allopatirc is

Question 51

How could you use Darwin's Galappagos finches to explain the concept of adaptive radiation?

Answer 51

One species was introduced to an area with many different islands that all entailed different niches, the finches each had to adapt in order to fill the niche that the island presented

Question 52

What are the two equilibrium rates in evolution?

Answer 52

Gradualism: selection and variation happens gradually, change is slow, constant Punctuated: Selection and variation happens rapidly in spurts, followed by long periods with little change

Question 53

What is taxonomy?

Answer 53

Involves organizing the diversity of life by using binomial nomenclature to quickly identify a certain species

Question 54

In what order are taxons arranged? highest to lowest

Answer 54

``` Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```

Question 55

Each level of classification is known as:

Answer 55

Taxon

Question 56

Branch of biology dealing with how closely related various organisms are to one another

Answer 56

Phylogenetics

Question 57

How is similarity determined in phylogenetics today?

Answer 57

DNA sequence, fossil record, morphology

Question 58

What is the difference between homology and analogy?

Answer 58

Homology: similar because of common ancestor Analogy: no common ancestry, but common enviroment

Question 59

Unrelated organisms can develop similar features because they are advantageous in their environment

Answer 59

Convergent evolution

Question 60

Cladistics

Answer 60

More accurate view because of DNA sequencing

Question 61

What are the four major eras the earth is split up into?

Answer 61

Precambrian (longest) Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic (Current)

Question 62

Precambrian:

Answer 62

Ended in a result in an emergence of multicelled organisms | First life forms were seen here

Question 63

Paleozoic:

Answer 63

Ended by the Permian extinction (rapid drop of sea level, killing off many sea animals) First mammal like fossils

Question 64

Mezoic:

Answer 64

Ended by the Cretaceous Extinction (astroid) | Angiosperms replace gymnosperms

Question 65

Cenzoic:

Answer 65

Humans, horse, whale, primates

Question 66

Living organisms thought to have arisen from non-living organic molecules

Answer 66

Abiogenesis

Question 67

What was the experiment that showed abiogeneisis?

Answer 67

``` Urey-Miller experiment Boiled water (adding water to the artificial atmosphere), water vapor causes as electric spark simlating a lightning storm in the electric spark chamber housing molecules thought to be present in the atmosphere, it is transferred to a condenser where water vapor is condensed and any soluble molecules are dissolved, and later the organic molecules appear ! voila ```

Question 68

What are the two modern hypotheses on abiogenesis?

Answer 68

Replicator-first | Metabolism-first

Question 69

Molecules with the ability to make copies of themselves. Using RNA and ribozymes

Answer 69

Replicator first

Question 70

Life started as a set of self-sustaining chemical reactions. Using citric acid cycle

Answer 70

Metabolism first

Question 71

What are the three domains?

Answer 71

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Question 72

Large increase in atmosphere O2 is followed by huge increase in new species

Answer 72

Cambrian explosion