Exam #5 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
What is the levels of organization? (6)
A
molecule
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
2
Q
In the organization ‘tissue” what are the 4 types of tissue?
A
muscle
nervous
connective
epithelial
3
Q
in the organization ‘organ’ what are the two types
A
stomach
kidney
4
Q
in the Organization ‘organ system’ what are the two type
A
digestive
excretory system
5
Q
what is the smallest unit of life
A
cell
6
Q
what is the nervous system comprised of (2)
A
brain spinal cord
7
Q
What is the basic sub unit in the nervous system?
A
neuron (nerve cell)
8
Q
what are the 3 characteristics of a neuron?
A
cell body
dendrties
axon
9
Q
What does the synapse in the neuron do?
A
connection btw on neuron and other (end of axon, beginning of one dendrite)
10
Q
what are the two main divisions of the NS and what are they made of
A
central nervous system (CNS) - brain spine
peripheral nervous sytes (PNS)- everything else
11
Q
PNS: Sensory nervous system
A
takes impulses to the CNS
12
Q
PNS: Motor nervous system
A
takes impulses from CNS to muscles/glands/organs
13
Q
Within the motor nervous system there are two motor nerves
A
- somatic MN: voluntary, to skelteal muscles
-Autonomic MN: involuntary to organs and smooth muscles (breathing while sleeping)
14
Q
Autonomic MN (2)
A
Sympathetic usually excites (fight/flight)
Parasympathetic- calms down
15
Q
Sensory Receptor types and examples (3)
A
- Photoreceptors (Light - rods/cones)
-Chemoreceptors (Taste & odor - taste buds)
-mechanoreceptors (sound & touch - ear drum, moment)
16
Q
what are the 3 functions of the cerebellum?
A
-coordination
-equilibrum
-spatial orientation
17
Q
what are the 4 parts of the brain?
A
-frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
18
Q
Frontal - 2 characteristics
A
- Personality: memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, aggression
-olfactory receptors (smell/memorty tied together
19
Q
Parietal - 2
A
-sensory cortex
-general sensory inputs (touch, paint, temp, balance and taste)
20
Q
occipital - 2
A
-visual cortex
-reception and integrations of visual inpiut
21
Q
temporal - 4
A
-auditory cortex
-evaluates olfactory and auditory input
-memory/emotuoin
-abstract thought/judgement
22
Q
Parts of the Brain: Thalamus (3)
A
- switchboard for impulses
-routes impulses to cerebrum
-sorts neurons - all senses except smell
23
Q
Parts of the Brain: Pons (2)
A
- respiratory center
-Relay center to thalamus
24
Q
Parts of the Brain: Medulla oblogatta (4)
A
relay center to pons
heart rate
respiration
reflexes
- vomitting, hiccuping
25
Parts of the Brain: Hypothalamus (4)
-body's thermo
-hunger, thirst, sleep
-sexual behavior and aggression
-control pituitary glands (production of hormone gland)
26
Parts of the Brain: Pituitary gland (2)
-master gland of the endocrine system
-primary hormone [rpducer
27
Endocrine system: Endocrine gland
secretes to blood (hormones)acts on target receptor
28
what is the endocrine gland controlled by
negative feedback: as target cell increases secreting cell decreases
29
Adrenal Glands: 3
Epinephrine
-secretion controlled by SNS
-flight/flight
30
Ovaries: 2
Testes 1
estrogen/testosteron
testosterone
-reproductive hormones in males and females
31
Pineal Gland 2
Melatonin
-regualtes bio rytms (amount of light)
-regulates onset puberty
32
Thyroid gland (4)
Thyroxine
-Basal metabolism
-rate of energy production
-heat producition
33
Parathyroid glans (2)
Parathyroid hormone
-regualtes CA+ levels (releases CA into blood - bones dissolution)
34
thymus gland (2)
Thymosins
-involed in production of white blood cells (T-cells) Immune system
35
Pancreatic Islets (4)
Insulin - lowers blood glucose
Glucagen -raises blood glucose
36
Integumentary System ()
skin
37
what are the three layers of the skin?
epithelial (exposes)
connective (glands, nerves)
fat (adipose)d (warmth)
38
Integumentary System: Function 1 - Thermo regulation (what is it controlled by)
hypothalamus
39
Integumentary System: Function 1 - Thermo regulation: what happens when body temp too high (2)
active sweat glands
vasodilation - releases heat
40
Integumentary System: Function 1 - Thermo regulation: what happens when body temp too low (3)
- inactive sweat glands
-vasoconstriction = retain heat
-muscle contraction = generates heat
41
Integumentary System: Function 2 -
eliminates waste (water, urea, salts, sweat glands)
42
Integumentary System: Function 3 - 3
synthesizes Vitamin D
- cholesterol
-blood - kidney/liver - VD3
-vitamin D - absorb CA in GI tract
43
Integumentary System: Function 4
Receives stimuli via sensory receptors
-hot v cold
-touch v pressure
-pain
44
Integumentary System: Function 5
Protection
Keratin (mechanical damage, UV radiation, microbes_
45
UV radiation 3
gamma rays penetrate lead
x-rays penetrate skine and bone
UV (epidermis/dermis)
46
what 4 things happen when UV damages dermal tissue
-destroys fiberblasts (produce connective tissue)
-breaks collagen fibers (loose elastic/strength)
-Damage blood vessels (reduce o2 suuply
-reduce cell division and tissue repair
47
what are the 4 UV effects on skin appearance
leather skins
sagging wrinkles
premature aging
discoloration
48
UV Damage to DNA:
Skin cancer (uncontrolled growth of cells)
49
What is the most common cancer
moles
50
what is the most fatal cancer
melanoma
51
Moles characteristics (4)
-less than 6mm
-symmetrical
-even margins
-1 colot
52
Carcinoma character (4)
-bigger than 6mm
-assymetrical
-uneven margins
0multicolored
53
Metastasis:
(spread)- migration of cancerous cells from original tumor into blood stream
54
How many bones are in adults
206
55
what is included in the Axial Skeleton (5)
skull
spine
sacrum
sternum w/ribs
56
what is included in the appenducular skeleton
-everything supporting hurdles
57
Function of bones (4)
-movement
-protection/support
-mineral storage (CA P)
- blood cell formation (bone marrow)
58
spongy vs. compact bones
spongy - break open, hollow
compact -
59
Muscular system functions 3
- maintain posture
- produce heat
-contraction
60
what are the three types of muscles cells
Cardiac (heart)
Skeletal (voluntary, bicep)
smooth
61
what is the organization from largest to smallest of the muscle
1. whole muscle,
2. musclebones
3. muscle cells
4. myofibrosus
62
what is the muscle bundle made of
muscles cells
63
what is the muscle cells made of
myobrosis
64
what are the myofibrosis made of
sacromere (shortens, unit of contraction)
actin , myosin (protein)
65
what are the theree requirements of contraction
- nerve impulse
calcium
-ATP
66
Origin of muscle:
fixed end
67
insertion:
movable end
68
Two types of excersice and examples
aerobic (running, swimming) and strength training (weighlifting)
69
Aerobic benefuts 4)
1 enhances cardi health
- heart englagers
-more blood leaves heart
-greater lung ventilation
2. improves endurance
3. enhances muscle tone
4. metabolizes fat
70
strength traianig (benefits 1
increase size of skeletal muscle
71
Overview of digestive system (intake) 2
food and water
72
what does the DS eliminate?
CO2
73
what does the DS include?
urninary sytem
74
what are the 3 absorbable molecules and what are they made of
-proteins: amino acids
-carbohydrates: simple sugars
-fats(lipids): glycerol and fatty acids
75
how do the absorbable molecules move?
move from DS into circulatory system and transported tissues
76
Gastrointestinal Tract (GI) - two parts associated with it
-pharynx
-esophagus
77
GI: oral cavity (2)
-mechanical digestion
-cheimcal digestion
78
GI: mechanical digestion (2)
-teeth
-tongue
79
GI: chemical Digestion (enzymes) (2)
-salivary gland
-armylase (enzyme)
-digests stach & lingual lipase
-digest fats
80
GI: Peristalsis
contraction of muscle wall
81
GI: Stomach- functions (5)
-mixing
-storage
-mucous cells
-HCI
-peptic enzymes
82
what is unique to the stomach
rugae
83
GI: Stomach - Mixing (2)
-peristalisis
-muscular wall
84
GI:Stomach - Storage (1)
folds - ruage
85
GI: Stomach - mucous cells(1)
protection
86
GI: Stomach - HCI (2)
-dissolves connective tissue
-activates peptic enzymes
87
GI: Stomach -Peptic enzymes
-peptide bonds btw amino acids
-break down proteins
88
Small Intestine - Villus?
increase surface area
89
what are the 3 sections of the small intestine
- duodenum
-jejunum
-illeum
90
what is the function of the small intestine (2)
-digestion
-absorbtion
91
FUNCTION: absorption
-absorption of most digested molecules into the bloodstream and lymph vessels via the vili
92
GI:Large intestine (?)
colon
93
GI: large intestine function?
water and some vitamin production and absorption
94
GI: rectum (1)
storage
95
GI: Anus(1)
elimination of undigested food.
96
Accessory Digestive Organs: 2
Liver
Pancreas
97
Liver (4)
-detoxification
-storage of nutrients vitamins and minerals
-immunity (macrophages)
-produces bile which emulsifies (breaks up fat)
98
Pancreas(2)
-secretes most enzymes of digestion
-chemically breakdown most major organic molecules
99
where does breakdown actually happen?
small intestine
100
what part stores the bile?
gallbladder
101
how much urine do we produce?
.4 gallons a day
102
main organ in excretory system
idney
103
struc of e.s order 6
-diaphrma
-adrenal glans
kidney
ureter
urniary baldde
urethera
104
kidneys filter blood
5L blood 60 times a day
approx 300 L a d ay
99 returned ro blood stream
1 excreted as urine
105
order UUU
urinary bladder
urethera
urine (exit)
